Operant Conditioning - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Operant Conditioning

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ADHD Autism Sports, ... organism learns the consequences of its own behavior. Observational learning: organism learns the consequences of another s behavior. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Operant Conditioning


1
Operant Conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Association between VOLUNTARY behavior and its
    consequence
  • Behavior has consequences
  • ABCs Antecedents-Behavior-Consequence
  • Thorndikes Law of effect
  • Sit, Houston!
  • Make millions training dogs!
  • Dog tricks

2
Influencing behavior Not just for dogs
  • B.F. Skinner
  • The major problems of the world today can be
    solved only if we improve our understanding of
    human behavior About Behaviorism (1974)
  • Author of Beyond Freedom and Dignity
  • Study rats and pigeons in a Skinner box

3
Classical vs. operant conditioning
4
Rat in a Skinner Box
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPQtDTdDr8vs
5
Effect of Stimulus (Consequence) on Behavior
Punishment Decrease Probability
Reinforcement Increase Probability
Positive Reinforcement
Punishment Punishment by Addition Positive
Punishment
Positive If Response Then Stimulus
Stimulus usually appetitive
Stimulus usually aversive
Ex Spanking, Blessing Out
Ex Thank you! rewards
Type of Contingency
Negative Reinforcement
Omission Punishment by Subtraction Negative
Punishment
Negative If Response Then NO Stimulus
Stimulus usually aversive
Stimulus usually appetitive
Ex Avoidance, Escape
Ex Grounding, DRO, suspended license
6
Identify the contingency for each
  • Car buzzer stops after you put on your seat belt.
  • If I wear that, my friends will think I look like
    a slut.
  • Given a ticket by a cop for speeding.
  • I press cancel on the microwave so I won't hear
    it beep.
  • If you buy me that diamond, I'll make you very
    happy.
  • I won't eat dessert because I don't want to gain
    weight.
  • If you make 3.5 or higher, you can have a trip
    for spring break.

7
Shaping behaviors
  • How do you train a pigeon to turn in a circle?
  • Shaping differential reinforcement of
    successive approximations
  • After each response -gt stricter criterion for
    reinforcement
  • Applications?
  • ADHD
  • Autism
  • Sports, music, skills, parenting
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vreNVH1zd1tofeature
    related

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vI_ctJqjlrHAfeature
related
8
Rat Basketball
http//www.wofford.edu/psychology/content.aspx?id
4844
9
Cumulative recorder
10
Schedules of reinforcement
  • Continuous (CRF) vs. Partial Reinf. Schedules
  • Fixed-ratio
  • Fixed-interval
  • Variable-ratio
  • Variable-interval
  • Effect of extinction?
  • PREE!!!!

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vI_ctJqjlrHAfeature
related
Spoiled brat
11
Schedules of reinforcement
12
Sample cumulative records of 4 simple
reinforcement schedules
13
Identify the reinforcement schedule
  • In a ____ schedule, reinforcement is delivered
    only after some specific number of responses.
  • In a ____ schedule, reinforcement is delivered
    only after responding after some specific period
    of time, not before.
  • In a ____ schedule, reinforcement is delivered
    only after a varied number of responses.
  • In a ____ schedule, reinforcement is delivered
    only after responding after a varying period of
    time.

14
Extinction Partial v Continuous
The PREE! (Blue Red)
Partial reinforcement Continuous reinforcement
15
Operant conditioning applications
  • Animal training
  • Dont shoot the dog The new art of teaching and
    training K. Pryor
  • http//www.cesarmillaninc.com/videoplayer/index.ph
    p
  • Teaching techniques
  • Quiet the class Produce good grades
  • Superstitious behavior
  • Behavior and consequence linked (variable-ratio)
  • Understand disorder and create therapy
  • Depression Anorexia Drug abuse
  • ADD/ADHD and Autism

16
Mechanism of Depression Seligman, 1975Learned
helplessness
then
Training
  • Escape shock by pressing within 10s after light
  • Red can avoid shock
  • Blue cant change outcome
  • Move to shuttle box
  • Red learns task
  • Blue becomes passive
  • Abused wives stay?

17
Parenting You do behavior modification every
day -- should you know what works?
  • Positive punishment vs. negative punishment
  • Effect of types of punishments?
  • Limitations of positive punishment
  • Doesnt teach correct response
  • May increase aggression
  • Other forms of punishment
  • Time-out
  • Penalty or fine
  • Correction

18
Modeling behavior
  • In operant conditioning organism learns the
    consequences of its own behavior.
  • Observational learning organism learns the
    consequences of anothers behavior.
  • Sports You are much more likely to perform well
    if you see how experts do it.
  • Arts learning to paint well, dance well, sing
    well, nearly all benefit from modeling.
  • Parenting? Did the manual come with the baby?
  • Bandura et al. (1963) Learning aggression Bobo
    doll -- Observe how behavior of others is
    reinforced or punished

19
Modeling behavior
  • Observational learning
  • Rather than only trial-error
  • Influenced by presence of significant role model
  • Imitate, model, behavior of significant others

20
Modeling behavior
  • Observational learning
  • Bandura et al.(1963) Bobo doll
  • Learn how behavior of others is reinforced or
    punished?
  • Learn what is fun from
  • others
  • Learn how to do things

21
Think about your own life
  • What is a behavior you want to increase?
  • What is a behavior you want to decrease?
  • For each, explain how each of these would
    influence your target behaviors
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment by addition
  • Punishment by subtraction
  • What schedules of reinforcement would you use?

22
Extra slides
23
To review Operant conditioning
  • What is operant conditioning?
  • What are real examples of consequences of
    behavior (pos/neg reinforcement/punishment)?
  • What are the schedules of reinforcement? What is
    the effect of each on learning and extinction?

24
To review Classical conditioning
  • What is classical conditioning?
  • Association between stimuli and NATURAL response
  • Stimuli signal outcomes
  • Real examples?
  • What is US and UR
  • What is CS and CR
  • What variables can you vary?
  • Number of reinforced trials
  • Number of unreinforced trials
  • Order of CS and US
  • Stimulus generalization test different versions
    of the CS
  • Second order conditioning test new CS to cue
    first CS
  • Test after extinction present stimulus after
    long break

25
Thought paper
  • What is classical conditioning versus operant
    conditioning?
  • What is an example of classical conditioning in
    your every day life
  • What is an example of operant conditioning in
    your every day life?
  • How can you use learning theory in the future?

26
(No Transcript)
27
  • Extra slides

28
Radial-arm mazePlace learning
29
Olton Samuelson (1976)
  • Rats explore maze 15min/day for 9 days
  • Free choice one piece of food in each arm (10
    days) could make 16 choices
  • Within 5 days all animals were consistent in
    choosing an average of 7 arms within the first 8
    choices didnt repeat choices!
  • Odor odor added so cant leave trail (3 days)
  • Added odor didnt influence accuracy
  • Switch after 3 choices, switched location of two
    arms
  • Rats continued to choose arm based on spatial
    location (repeating the arm from first 3 trials)
  • Use cues outside the maze in the room!

30
Corwill Rescorla, 1985
  • Method
  • Lever press food pellet
  • Chain pull sugar water
  • Later add toxin to sugar water
  • Results
  • Taste aversion to sugar water
  • Continued to press lever, not pull chain
  • Avoidance conditioning (vs. escape conditioning)
  • Conclusion
  • Act-outcome representation
  • Use method to see what tastes animals can
    differentiate
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