CE 458 Design of Hydraulic Structures

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CE 458Design of Hydraulic Structures

• by
• Dr. Nuray Denli Tokyay

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1-3 Historical Perspective and Trends for Future

• Ancient Hydraulics Works in Egypt and Other Early
  Civilizations
• Early civilizations developed in regions
• where an abundance of water could be distributed
  over fairly flat land for irrigation, and
• where a warm climate produced a fast growth of
  crops.
• Thus, it is hardly surprising that the earliest
  remains and accounts of water control were to be
  found in
• Egypt,
• Mesopotamia (Iraq),
• the Indus Valley (India and Pakistan), and in
• the Yellow River Valley of China.

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• Egypt is particularly interesting in this regard
  because the natural features of the Nile River
  and even the prevailing winds favored the
  development of a robust civilization.
• The annual floods over the rich delta land
  allowed agriculture to flourish even though many
  people had to move to higher lands during flood
  season.
• To augment the flow of irrigation water during
  the low flow season, there are signs that one of
  the early rulers,
• King Menes (about 3000 B.C.), had a masonry dam
  built across the Nile near Memphis (about 23 km
  upstream from present-day Cairo).
• This dam was apparently used to divert the river
  into a canal and, thus, to irrigate part of the
  adjoining arid lands.
• As reported by Biswas (1), the gravity dam seems
  to have had a maximum height of about 15 m and a
  crest length of some 450 m .

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• Egypt was one of the first civilizations to
  develop an extensive system of river navigation.
• The Nile traversed the entire length of the
  country and, in the Delta, divided into seven
  delta channels, thus providing an extensive
  system of waterways.
• A climatic factor favoring the development of
  water transportation was that the prevailing
  winds (especially during the summer months) blow
  from north to south (from the Mediterranean Sea
  to the Sahara Desert).
• However, the river flows from south to north so
  that boatmen used sails to navigate upstream and
  leisurely drifted downstream (without sails)
  during the return trip. This mode of
  transportation is still seen today.

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Prevailing winds (especially during summer)
River (direction of flow)
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• Civilization in Mesopotamia started about the
  same time as in Egypt (about 3000 B.C.), and the
  geography of the two areas is in many ways
  similar. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers formed a
  network of channels before finally emptying into
  the Persian Gulf. Furthermore, the people of the
  area built many canals for irrigating crops,
  draining swamps, and water transportation. Early
  hydraulic engineering in this area included
  developing flood protection works and dam
  construction.
• Ancient ruins in the valleys of the Indus River
  in Asia and the Yellow River in China reveal
  evidence of water systems developed at least 3000
  years ago however, records of the extent of this
  development are not as complete as for Egypt and
  other areas of the Middle East .

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the Indus River in Asia and the Yellow River in
China
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• Euphrates and Tigris rivers

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• Arabic  Al Furat Turkish Firat
• The Euphrates River is one of the most important
  rivers in the world.  Along with the Tigris, it
  provided much of the water that supported the
  development of ancient Mesopotamian culture. 
• The Tigris Euphrates valley was the birthplace
  of the ancient civilizations of Assyria,
  Babylonian, and Sumer. 
• In northern Iraq the Euphrates forms the western
  boundary of the area known as Al Jazirah.  To the
  southeast the alluvial lands between the two
  rivers was the site of the glorious Babylonian
  civilizations of ancient times. 

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• The Euphrates is important solely for its water
  supply. 
• The river is the source of political tension, as
  Turkey, Syria and Iraq all compete for the use of
  its waters for irrigation and the generation of
  hydroelectric power. 
• For centuries the river formed the east limit of
  Roman control.  During the supremacy of the
  Eastern Roman Empire, numerous towns and centers
  of art and literature flourished along its bank. 
  Much historical data has been yielded by
  archaeological excavations on the banks of the
  Tigris and the Euphrates.

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• A different type of ancient hydraulic engineering
  was developed in eastern Turkey and Persia (Iran)
  from the seventh to fifth century B.C.
• Underground canals, called qanats, were dug to
  intercept groundwater aquifers and to carry the
  water from the source areas to cities. Figure
  below, shows the details of this system. Biswas
  (1) notes the average length of a qanat was about
  42 km (26 mi), and in some places it was as deep
  as 120 m (400 ft). Such ancient water supply
  systems, some of which still exist, were truly
  remarkable.

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Details of ganat system
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URARTUS (900-640 BC)

• Most probably the name Urartu comes from the
  Assyrian word uriatri meaning mountainous area
  which perfectly fits the geography of Eastern
  Anatolia where Urartus lived.
• Starting with the fourth king, Menua,
  construction became the main engineering activity
  in the Urartu Kingdom. During his reign (810-780
  BC) besides fortresses, palaces and temples,
  irrigation canals and roads were started to be
  built all over the kingdom.
• Archeological evidence indicate considerable
  technical skills of the Urartian people on
  irrigation and water management, also.
• The Menua Canal which was built about 2800 years
  ago is still in operation. Urartians first
  exploited a powerful spring in the valley of
  Ergil Çayi (Ergil Creek) and conveyed about 45
  million m3 of water annually to Tushba (Van) for
  about 56 km.
• The seventh king of Urartu, Rusa I (730-713 BC),
  moved his capital to Sardurihinili.

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• For this new capital, another source of water had
  to be found. An artificial lake was created by
  building two dams in the mountains. The water
  collected was directed to the city by a natural
  river bed. Additional water was stored by the
  dams. Urartian water management system contained
  all the elements which are used in modern
  systems River diversions, transfer of water
  from one catchment area to another and water
  storage by dams GARBRECHT 1987.
• It is obvious that the knowledge of
  hydrotechnology and road construction passed from
  one king to another. Therefore, the technical
  skills are taught by some means or another.
  Unfortunately, no written evidence was found yet
  on how this transfer of knowledge was done.

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Roman Water Systems

• From about 200 B.C. to 50 A.D., the Romans
  developed elaborate water-supply systems
  throughout their empire.
• For Rome itself, the usual practice was to convey
  water from springs to an aqueduct and then to
  cisterns throughout the city from which water was
  delivered to consumers through lead and
  baked-clay pipes. Hadas (5) reports that 11
  aqueducts supplied Rome with about 750 million
  liters (750 000 cubic meter, 200 million gallons)
  of water daily.
• The aqueducts consisted of one or more channels
  of rectangular cross section and in some
  locations were supported on spectacular masonry
  arches. The channels, which were from 60 to 180
  cm (2 to 6 ft) in width and from 1.5 to 2.5 m (5
  to 8 ft) in height (11), were covered to prevent
  the water from being contaminated by dust and
  heated by the sun. Inspection holes were in
  channel covers about every 75 m (250 ft) (11).

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Notable Dams Built in This Century

• The need for more water resources during this
  century is the result of a rapidly expanding
  world population and industrial growth.
• New machines and methods for manufacturing and
  placing large quantities of concrete and improved
  earth-moving equipment provided the means to
  achieve the rapid growth in major hydropower,
  irrigation, and flood control projects.
• In almost all cases, dams are the backbones of
  these water-resources projects. For hydropower
  development, a dam is generally needed to develop
  the head to drive the turbines and to store water
  to allow power generation.
• For flood control, dams are used to form
  reservoirs, which reduce flood peaks by storing
  the peak flows of flood water. Even a dike
  constructed to prevent flooding of property near
  a river is a form of dam. Dams in the United
  States that are over 15 m high or between 10 m
  and 15 m high and impound more than 100,000 m3
  (81 acre-ft) of water number about 3,000 (9). At
  the beginning of this century, only 116 of these
  dams had been built (9).

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• Table 1-1, lists the worlds major dams.
• The two highest dams are constructed of earth,
  which may be surprising to many because we often
  think of concrete as the material from which high
  dams are made. However, since availability of
  material and the strength of the foundation
  dictate the type of dam to be designed and
  constructed, earth is often used.
• Abbreviations are as follows
• E earthfill,
• R rockfill,
• G gravity,
• A Arch.

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Table 1-1 Major Dams of the World (Highest Dams)
Name of Dam Country Type Height (m)
Rogun USSR E and R 335
Nurek USSR E 300
Grand Dixence Switzerland G 285
Inguri USSR A 272
Vaiont Italy A 262
Chicoasen Mexico R 261
Kishau India E and R 253
Guavio Colombia R 250
Mica Canada E and R 245
Sayano Shushensk USSR A and G 245
Mauvoisin Switzerland A 237
Chivor Colombia R 237
Oroville USA E 235
Abbreviations are as follows E earthfill, R
rockfill, G gravity, A Arch.
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Greatest Volume
Name of Dam Country Type Volume (106 x m3)
Chapeton Argentina E 290
New Cornenelia USA E 209
Tarbela Pakistan E 122
Fort Peck USA E 96
Guri Venezuela EGR 76
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Greatest Hydropower
Name of Dam Country Type Installed Capacity (MW)
Grand Coule USA G 6500
Sayano Shushensk USSR AG 6400
Krasnoyarsk USSR G 6000
Churchill Falls Canada E 5225
Bratsk USSR EG 4500
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Atatürk Dam

• Atatürk Dam, largest dam built in Turkey, serves
  for
• irrigation,
• power generation and water supply.
• It is one of the dams built in GAP (South
  Eastern Anatolian Project), one of the largest
  water resources development projects in the
  world.
• It is located in 70 km northwest of the city of
  Sanliurfa on the Euphrates River.
• Embankment type is rockfill with inclined clay
  core. Ataturk Dam, having 184 m height from
  foundation, is the fourth highest dam in Turkey
  following Keban, Altinkaya, Karakaya and
  Altinpinar dams.

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Among rockfill dams in the world, Its the 25 th,
regards its height, 5 th, embankment volume, 21
st, reservoir volume and 32 nd installed power
of HEPP. Atatürk HEPP has been in operation since
1993. It has an annual power generation capacity
of 8.9 billion kWh. Its capacity will fall to 8.1
billion kWh per year when irrigation projects are
completely implemented. The dam will make it
possible to irrigate approximately 882,000
hectares of land.
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Atatürk Dam
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TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE DAM
Volume of Embankment 84.5 million m 3
Average Annual Flow 26.654 km 3
Useful Storage Capacity 11.0 km 3
Total Storage Capacity 48.7 km 3
Reservoir Surface Area 817 km 2
Drainage Basin 92.338 km 2
HeightFrom Foundation 184 m
Height From River Bed 166 m
Crest Length 1 664 m
Crest Width 15 m
Crest Elevation 549.00 m
River Bed Elevation 380.00
Minimum Operation Water Level 526.00 m
Maximum Operation Water Level 542.00 m
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TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE HEPP TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE HEPP
Width 49 m
Height 55 m
Length 257 m
Total Volume 380 000 m 3
Number of Turbine Generators 8
Installed Capacity of Each Group 300 MW
Total Installed Capacity 2400 MW
Loading Factor 30
Power Generation Capacity 8.9 x 10 9 kWh / year
Hydraulic Turbines 8 vertical type Francis Turbines
Output Voltage of Each Generator 15 750 Volt
Frequency 50 Hz
Speed 50 Hz
Number of Power Transformers 24
Power of Each Transformer 105 000 kVA
Input-Output Voltage 15 750 380 000 Volt
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The Sanliurfa Tunnels and Irrigation Projects

• The two Sanliurfa Irrigation Tunnels, longest
  irrigation tunnels in the world, start from the
  reservoir of Atatürk Dam and lie parallel to each
  other from 5 km northeast of the city of
  Sanliurfa to Sanliurfa-Harran plains.
• The tunnels are circular and concrete lined with
  diameters of 7.62 meters and lengths of 26.4
  kilometers each.
• With the addition lengths of access and
  connection tunnels, total length of the tunnels
  reaches 52.8 kilometers

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• By means of the Sanliurfa tunnels, the water
  stored in the reservoir of Atatürk dam will be
  used for Sanliurfa-Harran and Mardin-Ceylanpinar
  plains. Thus, irrigated agriculture will take
  place in 476 000 hectares of land of these
  plains, 150 000 hectares of Sanliurfa-Harran
  plains, 326 000 hectares of Mardin-Ceylanpinar
  plains.
• 328 cubic meters of water per second is drawn
  from the Atatürk Dam Reservoir with these
  tunnels.
• The water used to irrigate plains of
  Sanliurfa-Harran will also be deployed for power
  generation at the Sanliurfa HEPP.
• The HEPP has a capacity of 50 MW and generates
  124 million kWh electricity annually.

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TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE TUNNELS   TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE TUNNELS  
Tunnel Type Circular reinforced concrete lining
Length Two parallel tunnels, 26.40 km each
Grade T1 0.62802 m/km  T2 0.62948 m/km
Excavation Diameter About 9.50 m
Inner Diameter 7.62 m
Lining Thickness Approximately 0.40 m
Excavation 3.00 hm 3
Concrete volume 1 285 hm 3
Total discharge 328 m 3/s
Irrigation area 476 474 hectares
Geological formation Calcareous marn
Hydraulic Load T1 40.25 m  T2 39.74 m
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Rivers and Lakes

• Turkey has about 120 natural lakes, including
  small lakes in the mountains.
• The largest and deepest lake is Lake Van with a
  surface area of 3,712 km 2 and an altitude of
  1,646 m from sea level.
• The second largest lake is Lake Tuz in central
  Anatolia. Being relatively shallow, this lake is
  at an altitude of 925 m from sea level and has a
  surface area of 1,500 km 2.
• There are four main regions where lakes are
  intensively dispersed
• 1. The Lakes District (Egirdir, Burdur,
  Beysehir, and Acigöl Lakes),
• 2. Southern Marmara (Sapanca, Iznik, Ulubat, and
  Kus Lakes),
• 3. Lake Van and its environs, and
• 4. Lake Tuz and its environs.
• Although some of the lakes are only a few meters
  in depth, some of them are of a depth of more
  than 30 meters. The depth of Lake Van is more
  than 100 m.
• Turkey has 555 large dam reservoirs. The names
  and surface areas (km2) of the large ones are
  Atatürk (817), Keban (675), Karakaya (268),
  Hirfanli (263), Altinkaya (118), Kurtbogazi (6).

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• Turkey is rich in terms of streams and rivers.
  Many rivers rise and empty into seas within
  Turkeys borders. Rivers can be classified in
  relation to the sea into which they empty.
• The rivers emptying into the Black Sea are the
  Sakarya, Filyos, Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak, and
  Çoruh.
• The rivers emptying into Mediterranean Sea are
  the Asi, Seyhan, Ceyhan, Tarsus, and Dalaman.
• The rivers emptying into the Aegean Sea are the
  Büyük Menderes, Küçük Menderes, Gediz, and Meriç.
  The rivers empting into the Sea of Marmara are
  the Susurluk/Simav, Biga, and Gönen.
• The Euphrates and Tigris rivers empty into the
  Gulf of Basra, while the Aras and Kura rivers
  empty into the Caspian Sea.
• As far as the lengths of the some major rivers
  are concerned, the Kizilirmak is 1,355 km,
  Yesilirmak is 519 km, Ceyhan is 509 km, Büyük
  Menderes is 307 km, Susurluk is 321 km, the
  Tigris is 523 km, the Euphrates River up to the
  Syrian border is 1,263 km, and the Aras River up
  to the Armenia border is 548 km.

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LAND RESOURCES LAND RESOURCES LAND RESOURCES
  Mha ( million hectares) Mha ( million hectares)
Arable Land Irrigable Land Rainfed AgricultureEconomically IrrigablePresently Irrigated Arable Land Irrigable Land Rainfed AgricultureEconomically IrrigablePresently Irrigated 28.05 25.75 17.25 8.50 4.90  
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Land Resources

• Turkey s total land area is 78 Mha.
• Almost one third of this, 28 Mha, can be
  classified as cultivable land.
• Recent studies indicate that an area of about 8.5
  million ha is economically irrigable under the
  available technology.
• Until now, an area of about 2.8 million ha has
  been equipped with irrigation infrastructures by
  DSI.

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Water Resources

• Mean Precipitation 643 mm/m2
• Turkey s Surface Area 780,000 km 2  
• Annual Water Resources Potential Bm ³ (billion m
  ³ )
• A Precipitation Volume 501
• B Evaporation 274
• C Leakage into Groundwater 69
• D Springs Feeding Surface Water 28
• E Surface Water from Neighboring Countries 7
• FA-B-CDE
• F Total Surface Runoff (gross) 193
• G Exploitable Surface Runoff 98
• H Groundwater Safe Yield 14
• IGH
• I Total Potential (net) 112

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• The total water volume in the world amounts to
  1.4 billion km3, 97.5 of which is saline water
  in the oceans and seas, 2.5 of which is fresh
  water in the rivers and lakes.
• Due to fact that 90 of fresh water exists in the
  South Pole and North Pole, human beings have very
  limited readily exploitable fresh water
  resources.
• Annual mean precipitation in Turkey is 643 mm,
  which corresponds to 501 Bm 3 (billion m 3) of
  annual water volume in the country.
• A volume of 274 Bm 3 water evaporates from water
  bodies and soils to atmosphere.
• 69 Bm 3 of volume of water leaks into
  groundwater, whereas 28 Bm 3 is retrieved by
  springs from groundwater contributing to surface
  water.

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• Also, there are 7 billion m3 volume of water
  coming from neighboring countries.
• Thus, total annual surface runoff amounts to a
  volume of 193 Bm 3 of water.
• Including 41 (69-28) Bm3 net discharging into
  groundwater (covering safe yield extraction,
  unregistered extraction, emptying into the seas,
  and transboundary), the gross (surface and
  groundwater) renewable water potential of Turkey
  is estimated as 234 (19341) Bm 3.
• However, under current technical and economic
  constraints, annual exploitable potential has
  been calculated as 112 Bm 3 of net water volume,
  as 95 Bm 3 from surface water resources, as 3 Bm
  3 from neighboring countries, as 14 Bm 3 from
  groundwater safe yield.

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Water Resources versus Water Consumption Needs of
Population

• Countries can be classified according to their
  water wealth
• Poor Annual water volume per capita is less than
  1,000 m3
• Insufficient / Water Stress Annual water volume
  per capita is less than 2,000 m 3
• Rich Annual water volume per capita is more than
  8,000- 10,000 m3

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1500 m3/capita
Turkey is not a rich country in terms of existing
water potential. Turkey is a water stress
country according to annual volume of water
available per capita. The annual exploitable
amount of water has recently been approximately
1,500 m 3 per capita The State Institute of
Statistics (DIE) has estimated Turkeys
population as 100 million by 2030. So, the annual
available amount of water per capita will be
about 1,000 m 3 by 2030.
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• The current population and economic growth rate
  will alter water consumption patterns. As
  population increases, annual allocated available
  amount of water per person will decrease. The
  projections for future water consumption would be
  valid on the condition that the water resources
  were protected from pollution at least for the
  next 25 years. It is imperative that available
  resources be evaluated rationally so as to
  provide clean and sufficient water resources for
  the next generation.

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Planning Studies in Turkey

• Under the scope of DSI planning studies, the
  most appropriate formulations of projects are
  prepared by using long-term data collections and
  investigations.
• In 2003, 40.1 billion m3 volume of water was
  consumed in various sectors in Turkey 29.6
  billion m3 in the irrigation sector, 6.2 billion
  m3 in the water supply sector, 4.3 billion m3 in
  the industrial sector.
• This sum corresponds to development of only 36.5
  of the available exploitable potential of 112
  billion m3.
• With ongoing studies, it is aimed at using the
  maximum portion of available potential in the
  country.

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Hydraulic Structures in Turkey

• According to the standards of ICOLD
  (International Committee on Large Dams),
  providing a dams height from foundation is more
  than 15 m or its reservoir volume is equal or
  more than 3 hm3, this dam is classified as a
  large dam. As seen from the table below, the
  number of large dams constructed by DSI is 544.
• If eleven large dams constructed by other
  institutions are added to this, the total number
  amounts to 555 dams.
• DSI has built 201 large dams within the framework
  of large-scale water projects, while the
  remaining 343 dams are within the framework of
  the smaller-scale water projects.
• The total reservoir capacity of these 212 large
  dams is about 139.5 km3. The details on water
  resources development can be seen in the table

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IN OPERATION IN OPERATION IN OPERATION UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR IN PROGRAM UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR IN PROGRAM UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR IN PROGRAM
January 1, 2005 By DSI Other Total By DSI Other Total
DAM (unit) 544 11 555 209 1 210
(large-Scale Water Projects) 201 11 212 85 1 86
(Small-Scale Water Projects) 343 - 343 124 - 124
HEPP (unit) 53 82 135 53 17 70
(Installed Capacity-MW) 10,215 2,416 12,631 8,982 465 9,447
(Annual Generation-GWh) 36,481 8,844 45,325 29,581 1,725 31,306
Small Dams (unit) 47 617 664 1 43 44
IRRIGATION (million ha) 2.77 2.12 4.89 0.8 - 0.8
WATER SUPPLY (billion m 3 ) 2.50 0.46 2.96 1.09 - 1.09
FLOOD CONTROL AREA (million ha) 1.0 - 1.0 0.5 - 0.5
() Small dams built by the General Directorate
of Rural Services (GDRS abrogated now) for
irrigation.
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• According to ICOLD standards, there are at
  present 555 large dams, in Turkey.
• According to crest types, these dams can be
  classified as follows
• Rock or earth-filled types 537 dams
• Concrete gravity types 8 dams (Çubuk I, Elmali
  II, Sariyar, Kemer, Gülüç, Porsuk, Arpaçay,
  Karacaören)
• Arch types 6 dams (Gökçekaya, Oymapinar,
  Karakaya, Gezende, Sir, Berke)
• Composite (Concrete Faced Rock-Fill Dam CFRD or
  RCC) types 4 dams (Kürtün, Birecik, Karkamis,
  Keban)

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Dams and Hydropower Plants Developed by other
Organizations

• Total installed capacity (MW) and annual average
  generation (GWh) of hydroelectric power plants
  (run-off river HEPPs) completed by the other
  organizations are 2,416 MW and 8,844 GWh
  respectively .
• These values account for 20 of Turkeys current
  hydropower installed capacity (12,631 MW) and
  annual hydroelectric generation (45,325 GWh).
• The HEPPs put into operation by DSI generate 80
  of Turkeys current hydro energy needs.
• According to DSIs investment program in 2005,
  there is a total of 53 HEPPs, 24 of which will be
  realized with bilateral agreements (6,136 MW and
  20,203 GWh) and 5 of which are to be realized
  with local bidding (124 MW and 458 GWh), and the
  remaining 24 of which are under construction
  (2,722 MW and 8,920 GWh).

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• The number of hydroelectric power plants being
  constructed by other organizations under Law No.
  3096 is 17 (465 MW and 1,725 GWh). These are
  being built as Autoproducer or BOT
  (Build-Operate-Transfer) models by the private
  sector.
• Since its establishment in 1954, DSI has made
  investments of US 33.5 billion, and the total
  benefit from these projects realized by DSI in
  the sectors of energy, agriculture, services, and
  the environment is estimated as US 81 billion.
  These projects have made a more than two fold
  contribution to the national economy when
  considering their investment costs.

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Dam HEPP Province Year of Comp. Installed Capacity (MW) Av. Annual Generation (GWh) Water Supply (hm3) Irrigation Area (ha)
Berke Adana 2001 510 1668
Sariyar Ankara 1956 160 400 10,000
Manavgat Antalya 1988 48 220
Karacaören II Burdur 1993 47 206
Elmali II Istanbul 1955 2
Darlik Istanbul 1988 108
Alaçati Izmir 1997 3
Sir K.Maras 1991 284 725
Kirazdere Kocaeli 1999 142
Gülüç Zonguldak 1966 6
Birecik S.Urfa 2000 672 2518 92,700
Total 1721 5737 261 102,700
Note Run-off river/canal hydroelectric power
plants that have been built by various companies
and institutions are excluded from this table.
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• Since its establishment in 1954, DSI has made
  investments of US 33.5 billion, and the total
  benefit from these projects realized by DSI in
  the sectors of energy, agriculture, services, and
  the environment is estimated as US 81 billion.
  These projects have made a more than two fold
  contribution to the national economy when
  considering their investment costs.
• With the budget allocation for 2005, DSI needs 19
  years to complete the projects in its investment
  program.
• For the full development of the water projects in
  Turkey, as seen in the table below, US 71.5
  billion is needed for completion of the remaining
  projects.
• Considering development rates in the country,
  there is still much work to do in the water
  sector.
• By taking into account the investment budget of
  DSI (annual US 1.65 billion), it is estimated
  that the completion of the works (US 71.5
  billion budget) to be realized by DSI could only
  be possible in the next 44 years.

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DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION, HYDROPOWER, AND WATER
SUPPLY SECTORS IN TURKEY
  IN OPERATION AS OF 2005 ULTIMATE GOALS BY 2030 EACH SECTORS DEVELOPMENT RATES
Development of Irrigation 4.9 million ha 8.5 million ha 58
Development of Hydro-electric energy 45.3 billion kWh 127.3 billion kWh 36
Development of Water Supply for Domestic and Industrial use 10.5 billion m3 38.5 billion m 3 27
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• In conclusion, the distribution of precipitation
  in Turkey is rather uneven.
• The average annual precipitation ranges from less
  than 250 mm in inland areas to 2,500 mm in parts
  of the Eastern Black Sea coast. Though
• Turkey generally has adequate amounts of water,
  it is not always in the right place and at the
  right time to meet present and anticipated needs.
  
• The rivers have generally irregular regimes and
  natural flows cannot always be diverted directly.
  
• The average annual precipitation, evaporation,
  and surface runoff vary with respect to time and
  geography.
• Approximately 70 of total precipitation falls
  from October to March there is little effective
  rain during the summer months.
• Therefore, it is necessary to have storage
  facilities in order to ensure domestic,
  industrial and agricultural supply, and
  hydropower generation. In addition, dams make a
  considerable contribution to control the floods
  and erosion.

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• The water resources development projects of DSI
  are accepted as crucially important works for the
  improvement of the welfare and happiness of the
  people in the country. It is a well-known fact
  that the main source of daily food, drinking
  water, and electricity depend on water resources
  development projects. That is why Turkey has to
  develop all of her water potential to maintain
  adequate living standards for the people.
• Agriculture in Turkey heavily depends on climatic
  conditions, the adverse effects of which can only
  be minimized by developing hydraulic structures.
• DSI contributes to the development of agriculture
  in which 35 of Turkeys population is employed
  by investing mostly in development of irrigation
  sector. As the production and consequently the
  income of our farmers increases because of
  irrigation development, there are further inputs
  to agro-industries.

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• Because of this, water resources development has
  a crucial role to play in the socioeconomic
  development of Turkey.
• Thus, DSIs investments in hydropower, which is a
  national source of the electricity needed by
  industry are important in that they are able to
  lessen the rate of migration to the cities and to
  decrease the unemployment in the country.
• DSI needs a certain amount of financing to
  complete its planned projects in the sectors of
  energy, agriculture, services, and environment by
  2030. This additional financing requirement is
  estimated at US 71.5 billion (as 27.5 in
  agriculture, 21.0 in energy, 20.0 in services,
  and 3.0 in environment). With the completion of
  these planned projects, Turkey foresees to have
  US 27.8 billion worth of gross income annually.