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Title: Evolution of Warfare and Security in the Modern World Lecture 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts

1
Evolution of Warfare and Security in the Modern
WorldLecture 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Dr. James Corum- Dean- Baltic Defence College
Dr. Eric Sibul, Asst. Prof. Baltic Defence College

2
Lecture outline

Course outline
Introduction and the basic concepts
Summary

3
Course outline

I. Learning outcomes
The course is designed for specialists in the
field of cyber defence/security. Its purpose is
to provide the general understanding of the
nature of warfare and outline the role and scope
of information warfare (IW cyber warfare is a
part of it) used by states in contemporary world.
In particular, the learning outcomes constitute
1. Knowing the evolution of warfare and its basic
concepts
2. Comprehending connections between the warfare,
technology and state organisation
3. Understanding the role of cyberspace in modern
warfare and knowing various views on utilising it
for offensive and defensive purposes

4
Course outline

II. Topics to be discussed
The evolution of traditional warfare from
antiquity to present day
The evolution of untraditional/unconventional
warfare
Infromation warfare and different views on it
NB! This course is not so much about the history
of war, but about the history of warfare,i.e.
about the ways people have fought wars, thought
about wars, and keep doing it in present time

5
Course outline

III. Individual assignments
Two essays each 1,500 words (exceeding the limit
is not recommended)
Essay no.1 Analyse the major changes in warfare
from antiquity to modern days. What are the most
significant changes? What has remained unchanged?
Deadline 26.03.2012
Essay no 2 Analyse the meaning of victory in
conflict in the information age. What has
changed? What has remained unchanged? How
information society and information warfare
influences achieving the victory? Deadline
14.05.2012
Submission in electronic form to an email
address
james.corum_at_bdcol.ee

6
Course outline

IV. Marking of essays and completion of course
Marking of essays
knowledge of literature and references to
authoritative texts
independent thought
presentation of the most important aspects of the
topic
timely submission (delaying submission will
reduce the mark by one grade a day if the essay
is, for example, submitted two days late and it
is marked E on the basis of its contents, then
it will receive a total mark fail because of
the delay and it must be submitted again)
References to Wikipedia are not welcome and their
presence will be considered as lowering the
quality of the essay
Written fail/pass examination 90 minutes for
answering several questions in written form

7
Introduction the world

To begin with...what kind of world do we live in?
Tokyo 1995, 9/11
February 2003 three hackers disrupted the US
logistics planning for the US operations in the
Persian Gulf, etc.
Internet is used by 1.7-2 billion people
50 of world population lives in the cities
Globalisation is on the rise over 550 million
people move across borders annually, over 6
million people fly daily
IndiaChina 35 and the USEU 60 of the
world economy (there are 192 United Nations
member states!) of the 100 largest economies
in the world only 47 are states, the rest are
multinational corporations
There are 45,000 non-governmental organisations
in the world and many of them have become very
influential in international politics
Every 2-3 years mankind produces more
written/printed information than in previous
5,000 years...

8
Introductionconflicts

The world is rapidly becoming a global village
connected at various levels by new technologies,
integrating economy and societies
Does it mean that we solve our conflicts
differently? Have we become more peaceful, do we
fight differently?
Are we witnessing changing conflicts in a
changing world? Has information warfare gained a
special role in these conflicts or has it become
a way of fighting a conflict in its own right?

9
Introductionconflicts
Source Human Security Brief 2007, Vancouver
Simon Fraser University
10
Introductionconflicts
Source Human Security Brief 2007, Vancouver
Simon Fraser University
11
Introductionterrorism
Source Human Security Brief 2007, Vancouver
Simon Fraser University
12
Introductionconflicts and terrorism

Although the world has become more integrated
than ever, the number of conflicts waged in the
world has increased from 1946-2006
Considerable number of states in the world have
become unstable and suffer from internal
conflicts nature of conflicts has changed and
they have migrated into states. States fight each
other rarely nowadays
Conflicts have become less violent. The deadliest
conflicts have been wars between states
The number of incidents of terrorism has
generally not increased dramatically with the
exception of conflict areas

13
Introductionchanges in conflicts

Continuing the previous thread of thought, we can
say that...
...indeed, states have become more peaceful with
regard to each other and they avoid, as a rule,
(at least) open warfare
...nations and nationalities still solve their
internal problems through violence
...terrorism is used frequently in these internal
conflicts
...the general insight into conflict statistics
tells us little about the IW.
However, we know IW happens. We know something
goes on in the cyberspace, but is it a systematic
development, is it a natural evolution of warfare
evolution of means for solving conflicts (be it
through the offensive or defensive actions)?

14
Introductionwhy knowing the history of warfare
is necessary

In order to get a definitive answer and also
establish the purpose, different types and
applications (and limits of application) of IW,
we need to investigate the historical evolution
of warfare in general.
We need to know
Why and how people have used violence?
What could be achieved through the violence?
How have nations organised themselves and their
tools for fighting through times and how is it
done in the information age?
These are the questions that will be investigated
and answered during this course.

15
Introductionbasic terms

War is...
...continuation of politics by other means. War
is an act of violence that theoretically could
have no limits. Traditonal war consists of
strategic, operational and tactical levels
State is...
...an entity comprising territory, citizens and
constitutional order/legislation
Constitutional order is...
...a set of principles reflected in laws and
describing how state is constituted, i.e. how it
works, how it is governed and how much control it
exerts over its population and various sectors of
society and economy.
Politics/policy is...
...a process of decision-making/purposeful flow
of action

16
Introductionbasic terms

Strategy is...
...an idea or set of ideas for employing the
instruments of power in a synchronized and
integrated fashion to achieve various objectives
Operational art is...
...an application of creative imagination by
commanders and staffs to design strategies,
campaigns, and major operations and organize and
employ military forces
Operation is...
... a large-scale military action consisting of
tactical engagements in support of strategic
goals
Tactics is...
...an employment and ordered arrangement of
forces in relation to each other

17
Introductionbasic terms

Information warfare/operations (IW/IO) is...
...the integrated employment of (1) the core
capabilities of electronic warfare, (2) computer
network operations, (3) psychological operations,
(4) military deception, and (5) operations
security, in concert with specified supporting
and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt,
corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated
decision-making while protecting our own

18
Introductionchanges in warfare and in
constitutional order
Innovations Princely state 1494-1572 Kingly state 1567-1651 Territorial state 1649-1789 State-nation 1776-1870 Nation-state 1861-1991
Constitutional -Consistent finance -Permanent government -Absolutism -Sectarianism -Trade control -Aristocratic leadership -Nationalism -Imperialism -Nationalism -Ideology
Warfare -Use of mercenaries -Mobile artillery -Fortification -More firearms -Siege warfare -Standing armies -Professional armies -Limited wars -Mass conscription and mass armies -Decisive battles -Nuclear weapons -Rapid computation -International communica-tions
Source Bobbitt, P. (2002) The Shield of
Achilles, London Penguin Books, pp.346-347
19
Introductionchanges in warfare and in
constitutional order

1991...the end of a nation-state?
...arrival of a market state?
...what does it mean for warfare?
Enemy
Goals
Means
Conflicts
Strategy of countering the enemy

20
IntroductionEvolution of war--generations of wars

1800 Napoleonic wars and the arrival of mass
armies on the battlefield
1870-1918 Wars of industrial societies
characterised by mass armies and massive fire
power
1918-1945 Mechanised manoeuvre warfare
1945-1990 Insurgencies/guerilla wars. 1990 War
has ceased to be a predominantly physical battle
supported by IW and has transformed into a
strategic communication campaign where physical
battle is a tool for sending messages and
breaking the will of enemys government.
2001 War has become an activity of networks,
supranational groups in pursuit of their
objectives. It is increasingly becoming
unlimited.

Source Hammes, T.X. Fourth Generation Warfare
Evolves, Fifth Emerges, Military Review,
May-June 2007
21
Summary

We inhabit a globalising world characterised by
developing information society where every
individual has much more access to information,
ability to process information and produce
information
This world of ours is characterised by the fact
that there are more conflicts taking place than
half a century ago
States fight states rarely majority of
conflicts are intrastate conflicts characterised
by a high incidence of terrorism
Warfare and constitutional order of states have
through the centuries evolved in the direction of
maximum mobilisation of society and its resources
for war. Since the Great French Revolution, war
has become a truly national undertaking

22
Summary

The evolution of information society seems to be
transforming war into a communication campaign of
violent and destructive messages
Information society (i.e. growing access to
technologies that could be used for destructive
purposes as well as growing vulnerability of
society) enables smaller groups to challenge
states
Does it all mean fading of nation-state and
emerging of a new constitutional order (market
state P.Bobbitt) remains to be seen and will be
discussed during the course

Some Course texts
Richard A. Preston , Sydney F. Wise and Herman O.
Werner, Men in Arms a History of Warfare and its
Interrelationships with Western Society (New
York Frederick Praeger, 1956).
Emily O. Goldman, ed., Information and
Revolutions in Military Affairs (London
Routledge, 2005).

Lecture One Introduction
Preston, Wise, Werner. Men in Arms. 1- 9
Lecture Two Classical Warfare in the Western
World
Preston, Wise, Werner. Men in Arms. 17 49
Lecture Three Classical Warfare in Asia the
Eastern Way of War
Lecture Four Feudal Warfare to the Beginnings
Modern Warfare
Lecture Five Limited Warfare in the 18th
Century to Nations in Arms and Napoleon

Lecture Six The 19th Nineteenth Century Limited
War and the rise of the Information Age
Lecture Seven Total War
Lecture EightWorld War II on the Eastern Front
and in the Baltic Area
Lecture Nine Modern Irregular Warfare
Lecture Ten The Cold War
Lecture Eleven Military Thought in the late 20th
Century and Beyond