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Madeleine Leininger

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Title: Madeleine Leininger


1
Madeleine Leininger
  • Transcultural Nursing Theory
  • Sunrise Model

2
What is Transcultural Nursing?
  • "a discipline of study and practice focused on
    comparative culture care differences and
    similarities among and between cultures in order
    to assist human beings to attain and maintain
    meaningful and therapeutic health care practices
    that are culturally based" (Leininger, 2008, p.9).

3
Motivation for theory development
  • In the 1950's working as a clinical nurse
    specialist with disturbed children in the Midwest
    United States, Leininger noticed recurrent
    behavioral differences among the children and
    hypothesized the differences had a cultural base.
  •  
  • This experience led Leininger to becoming the
    first nurse to earn a doctorate in anthropology
    and precipitated the development of Transcultural
    nursing.
  •  
  •  
  •  
  • (http//nursingtheories.info/biography-of-madelein
    e-leininger/)
  •  

4
Cont...
  • Through interactions with patients and
    conversations with peers  Leininger identified
    "two major missing dimensions in nursing, namely
    knowledge of diverse cultures and the meaning and
    practices of care in diverse cultures"
    (Leininger, 2008, para 4).

5
Philosophical Roots of Leininger's Theory
  • Leininger states that the philosophical roots of
    her theory are
  •   extensive and diverse nursing experiences
  •   anthropological insights
  •   life experiences and values
  •   reflection upon spiritual insights and beliefs
  • The theorist created a theory to develop "new
    practices for nursing to meet diverse cultural
    needs and to provide therapeutic care with
    comprehensive and holistic care practices in a
    caring discipline" Leininger, 2008, p.10)
  •     

6
Transcultural Nursing Theory Concepts
  • Transcultural nursing theory incorporates
    research from numerous scientific disciplines 
  •  
  •     1.  Nursing
  •     2.  Medicine
  •     3.  Education
  •     4.  Psychology
  •     5.  Public Health
  •     6.  Epidemiology
  • (Murphy, S. C., 2006)    

7
INTERRELATIONSHIP
  • Culturally Competent Nursing Care
  • -promote human rights and 
  •     quality health care through 
  •     cultural awareness
  • -centered on universal aspect
  •     of human caring as 
  •     defined within each culture
  • -assess cultural needs  and
  •     integrate nursing care that 
  •     is congruent with cultural 
  •     values  
  •     
  • Transcultural Nursing Research
  • -address cultural conflicts 
  •     within healthcare beliefs
  • -nursing care that is beneficial
  •     and meaningful to all cultures
  • -increase knowledge base to 
  •     improve cultural competence
  • -impact global healthcare 
  •     policy and practices
  • (Transcultural Nursing Society, 2012)

8
Culturally Congruent Nursing Care
  • Culturally congruent nursing care occurs when
    nurses integrate information from individuals,
    family, community, or institution based on
    cultural
  •  beliefs
  •  values
  •  norms
  •  patterns/lifeways
  •  practices
  • to provide appropriate and meaningful nursing
    care.
  • (Leininger, M. M., 1997)

9
Metaparadigm Concepts
  • CARING (not Nursing)
  • essence of nursing
  • universal concept within all cultures 
  •  
  • assisting, supporting, or enabling behaviors to
    improve a person's condition
  •  
  • essential for survival, development, ability to
    deal with life's events
  •  
  • greater level of wellness is achieved when caring
    is in line with patient's cultural values and
    beliefs
  • (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

10
Metaparadigm Concepts
  • PERSON
  •  Some cultures  do not recognize the concept of
    "person".  Leininger's definition includes
  • individuals
  • families
  • groups
  • communities
  •  
  • (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

11
Metaparadigm Concepts
  • ENVIRONMENT
  •  The environmental context includes any events
  • physical
  • ecological
  • sociopolitical
  • cultural

12
Diversity and Universality Theory The Origins
of Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory
  • "During the 1950's, while working in a child
    guidance home, Leininger
  •  
  • experienced what she describes as a culture shock
    when she realized that 
  •  
  • recurrent behavioral patterns in children
    appeared to have a cultural basis.  
  •  
  • Leininger identified a lack of cultural and care
    knowledge as the missing link to 
  •  
  • nursing's understanding of the many variations
    required in patient care to 
  •  
  • support compliance, healing, and wellness.  These
    insights were the 
  •  
  • beginnings of a new construct and phenomenon
    related to nursing care called  
  •  
  • transcultural nursing".
  •                                                   
                                      (Jones
    Bartlett, 2012)

13
Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory
  • Clarification of Origin
  • Originally developed in 1950s
  • Leininger's 1st book, Cultural Care Diversity and
    Universality - Published 1991
  • Transcultural Nursing (2nd ed.) - Published 1995
  • Transcultural Nursing (3rd ed.) - Published 2002
  •     
  •  Though the transcultural nursing theory model is
    applicable to nursing, its principals can be
    thought to be important in most professional
    circumstances.
  • To achieve the highest degree of patient
    compliance, healing, and wellness, the theory
    accounts for the cultural aspects of the patient.
                         (http//nursing-theory.org)
  •  
  •                                               
                            

14
Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory
  • Content
  • Human being- Nurses need humanistic and
    scientific transcultural knowledge in order to
    adequately care for patients in the 21st century.
  • Environment-  Care values are influenced by many
    things including worldview, spirituality, and
    environment.
  • Health- Care specific to one's culture promotes
    health, as valued and defined by each culture.
  • Nursing- Since 1989 nurses have been able to
    receive global certification in transcultural
    nursing, gaining knowledge and awareness of the
    cultural needs of patients, making them able to
    provide culturally congruent, responsible and
    compassionate care.                      
      (Leinninger, M. M., 1997)

15
Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory
  • View
  • The transcultural nursing model can be used in
     all aspects of nursing care, but proper use of
    the    model can only be achieved 
  •       if the patient's values are       known
    and meaningfully      used in an appropriate
    way      by the nurse with the patient.
  •    
  •        
  •                                                  
                                                     
                (http//nursing-theory.org)

16
Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory
  •                     Practice situations
  • Transcultural Nursing Theory should be
  •       practiced in all professional situations.
  •  
  • Examples
  • Dietary restriction (kosher) for people of Jewish
    faith. 
  • Providing vegetarian meal options for Catholics
  •           on Fridays.
  • Direct eye contact for Asian/Vietnamese means a
    challenge and should be avoided.
  • It is customary to address elder Americans as
    well as people of Arabic and Muslim faith
    formally. 

17
Weblinks
http//nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Madeli
ne-Leininger.php
18
References Leininger, M. (1997, Winter).
Transcultural nursing research to tranform
nursing education           and practice 40
years. Image  Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 29(4), 341.Retrieved         from
http//0-go.galegroup.com.mel.org/ps/i.do?idGALE
7CA20125511v2.1u         lom_accessmichitrp
AONESWw                        
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