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MIGRATION

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Title: MIGRATION


1
MIGRATION
Where and Why People Move
2
Movement
  • Mobility ranging from local to global and daily
    to once a lifetime
  • Movement is a good example of the spatial process
    (spatial interaction diffusion distribution
    patterns).

3
What is activity space?
  • The great majority of people have a daily routine
    that takes them through a sequence of short moves
    that geographers call activity space.
  • America is the worlds most mobile society.
  • Technology has greatly expanded activity space,
    particularly in wealthier, more developed
    countries.

4
Types of movement
  • Cyclic movement
  • Periodic movement
  • Migration

5
Types of Movement
  • CYCLIC MOVEMENT movement that
  • has a closed route
  • Examples
  • Commuting Home to work and
  • back home
  • Seasonal Sunbelt States
  • Nomadism Movement over
  • territory for survival repeated
  • time and again
  • Daily classes

6
Types of Movement
  • PERIODIC MOVEMENT movement away from home for a
    longer period.
  • Examples
  • Migrant labor moving across borders for work
  • Transhumance moving livestock to pastures based
    on season (rain, temperature)
  • Military service
  • College attendance

7
What is Migration?
  • Definition the long-term relocation of an
    individual, household, or group to a new location
    outside the community of origin a purposeful
    movement involving a change of permanent
    residence

8
Migration is a complex phenomenon that raises
many questions.
  • Why do people move?
  • All migration is a combination of push and pull
    factors.

9
What are push factors of migration?
  • Defined unfavorable characteristics of a locale
    that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its
    residents and impel their emigration
  • Examples widespread unemployment poverty
    discrimination political unrest war famine
    and/or drought land shortage overpopulation

10
What are pull factors of migration?
  • Defined characteristics of a locale that act as
    attractive forces, drawing migrants from other
    places
  • Examples employment opportunities political
    and/or personal freedoms (speech religion, right
    to vote, etc.) land amenities (e.g. retirement)
  • Important to note Many people move based on
    excessively positive images and expectations (not
    always accurate).

11
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
  • Search for better paying jobs
  • To find new jobs/employment
  • To escape poverty or low standards of
  • living

12
Catalysts of Migration What causes it to
happen?
  • Economic conditions
  • Poverty (push factors)
  • Perceived opportunities in destinations (pull
    factors)
  • Technological advances
  • Modern transportation makes migration easier
  • Allows people to migrate where jobs are available

13
Other reasons/catalysts for migration
  • Armed conflict and civil war
  • Three million people drive from their homes in
    the former Yugoslavia
  • Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis)
  • Political circumstances
  • Oppressive regimes
  • Cuba
  • Vietnams boat people

14
Reasons continued
  • Environmental Conditions
  • Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s)
  • Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
    hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S.2005)
  • Culture and Tradition
  • Muslims migrated from India when it was
    partitioned
  • Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel

15
Voluntary Migration Forced Migration
  • Occurs when people choose to migrate
  • Remember the 1 reason people migrate
    ECONOMIC!
  • Any voluntary migration flow represents the
    numbers going from the source to the destination
    minus those returning to the source.
  • Also referred to as involuntary migration
  • Examples
  • The Transatlantic Slave Trade largest number of
    slaves were brought to plantations in the
    Caribbean and eastern South America black
    population was one million in U.S. in 1800
  • Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia
    beginning in 1788
  • 1800s Native Americans in U.S. forced to live
    on reservations

16
E.G. RAVENSTEIN (18341913)British sociologist
  • LAWS OF MIGRATION
  • 1. Most migrants go only a short distance.
  • 2. Longer distance migration favors big city
    destinations. In other words, people will travel
    farther if they are migrating to a city.
  • 3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.
  • 4. Most migration is rural to urban.
  • 5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
  • 6. Most migrants are adults families are less
    likely to make international moves.
  • 7. Most international migrants are young males.

17
About Ravensteins laws
  • 1. He concluded that most move short distances
    and that the frequency of moves declines with
    distance (distance decay).
  • 3. Step Migration
  • When a migrant follows a path of a series of
    stages, or steps toward a final destination.
  • intervening opportunity at one of the steps
    along
  • the path, pull factors encourage the migrant
    to settle
  • there.
  • 4. Urban residents are less migratory than
    inhabitants of rural areas.
  • 6. Chain migration also needs to be considered.
  • Defined a process by which people are given
    preference for migrating to another country
    because a relative was previously admitted.
    Asians are know to be the most effective users of
    chain migration.
  • 7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In
    reality, women and girls now comprise between
    40-60 of all international migrants worldwide.

18
INTERNAL MIGRATIONS
  • Migration that occurs within a single countries
    borders
  • Example African-Americans moved northward
    during World War I most migrants came from rural
    areas 1970smore were leaving the North and
    returning to the South because of changing civil
    rights conditions
  • Varies depending on mobility of country
  • US Urban to Suburban
  • Peru Rural to Urban

19
INTERNAL MIGRATIONS
  • Two Types
  • Intraregional
  • Interregional

20
Intraregional Migration
  • Intraregional migrations--people moving or being
    moved within one geographic realm (region) of a
    country
  • Current examples
  • Rural to urban
  • increases with development, ¾ of core countries
    population in urban areas
  • Urban to suburban
  • lifestyle changes
  • Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas
  • called counterurbanization, increased technology
    allows people to work outside of the city

21
Interregional Migrations
  • Definition-people moving or being moved from one
    geographic realm (region) to another within a
    country
  • From South
  • Current USA examples
  • Movement North to South, and East to West
  • refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to
    other parts of the United States,
  • rural to urban areas to find jobs

22
Interregional Migrations
  • Current World examples
  • To Brazils interior Brasilia
  • to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK
    for Jobs
  • Islands of development are cities with foreign
    investment and jobs
  • West African coast
  • European colonies in SE Asia attracted Chinese

23
External Migration
  • Movement across country borders
  • Also called International migration
  • Emigrant one who migrates out of a country
  • Subtracts from total population
  • Immigrant one who migrates into a country
  • Adds to total population

24
Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950
25
Global Migration Patterns
  • From less-developed Stage 2 countries into
    more-developed Stage 4 countries
  • 3 largest migration flows
  • Asia to Europe
  • Asia to North America
  • Latin America to North America
  • Net In Migration North America, Europe, Oceania
  • Net Out Migration Asia, Latin America, Africa

26
US Immigration Patterns
  • Three main waves
  • 1. Colonial America 1607-1840
  • European settlement- 2 million, mostly British
  • African slaves 800, 000

27
Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
28
US Immigration Patterns
  • 2. 19th century (1840-1910)
  • 3 European Peaks
  • 1840s and 1850s
  • -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
  • 1880s
  • -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany,
    Norway, Sweden)
  • 1900-1910
  • -Southern and Eastern Europe Italy, Russia,
    Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia,
    Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
    Slovenia, Ukraine)

29
Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
30
US Immigration Patterns
  • 3. Second-half of 20th century (1950-2008)
  • Less developed regions
  • Latin America Mexico, Dominican Republic, El
    Salvador
  • Asia China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

31
Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
32
Immigration Policies
  • USA Quota Laws
  • Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924 2 of
    1910 population
  • Immigration Act of 1965
  • 1968 Hemisphere quotas
  • 1978 Global Quotas
  • Currently Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more
    than 7 from each country
  • Major Exceptions family reunification,
    employment, talented, lottery, refugees

33
Immigration Policies
  • Brain Drain large-scale emigration by talented
    people out of the periphery
  • Guest Workers To Europe from Middle East and
    North Africa
  • Example 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany
  • Time-Contract workers South and East Asian
    workers to Southeast Asia

34
What about refugees?
  • UN definition
  • A person who has well-founded fear of being
    persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
    nationality, membership of a particular social
    group, or political group.
  • UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide

35
What about refugees?UN definitions
  • International refugees
  • Those who have crossed one or more international
    borders and are encamped in a country other than
    their own
  • Intranational refugees
  • Those who have abandoned their homes but not
    their homeland

36
It is difficult to identify refugees.
  • No mention of natural/enviromental disaster
  • UN must distinguish between refugees and
    voluntary migrants before granting asylum.
  • Three general characteristics, individual or
    aggregate (collectively)
  • Most refugees move without any more tangible
    property than they can carry or transport with
    them.
  • Most refugees make their first step on foot, by
    bicycle, wagon, or open boat.
  • Refugees move without the official documents that
    accompany channeled migrations.

37
Regions of Dislocation
  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Several of the worlds largest refugee crises
    plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21st
    century -8 million official refugees
  • Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and
    Sudan
  • Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in
    Rwanda

38
Other regions of dislocation
  • North Africa and Southwest Asia
  • Israel and the displaced Arab populations that
    surround it
  • Exhibits qualities that are likely to generate
    additional refugee flow in the future
  • The Kurdish population following the Gulf War
    (1991)
  • Taliban rule in Afghanistan
  • Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion during the
    1980s

39
Regions of dislocation continued
  • South Asia
  • Pakistan accommodated forced emigrants from
    Afghanistan
  • Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in
    Sri Lanka

40
Regions of dislocation continued
  • Southeast Asia
  • Boat people who fled communist rule in Vietnam
  • In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated the
    regions largest refugee flow
  • Today--largest number of refugees come from
    Myanmar (Burma)

41
Regions of dislocation continued
  • Europe
  • After the collapse of Yugoslavia, over 1 million
    were displaced
  • South America
  • Colombian illegal drug violence, especially in
    rural areas
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