Chapter 12: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 12: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties

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Title: Chapter 12: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties


1
Chapter 12 Reunification and Renaissance in
Chinese Civilization The Era of the Tang and
Song Dynasties
  • AP World History I

2
Overview
  • With the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE, China
    alternates between periods of political unity and
    fragmentation
  • Not as traumatic as the fall of Rome for Western
    Europe
  • Between 589 and 906 CE, China enjoyed a political
    revival under the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
  • China will also be rocked by the advances of the
    Mongol armies in the 1200s.

3
The Sui Dynasty
  • The first strong dynasty to emerge after the fall
    of the Han was the Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE).
  • Reunified China
  • Expanded Chinas borders as a result of military
    conquest

4
Tang Dynasty
  • Under the Tang (618-906 CE), China became larger
    than ever before.
  • Rulers extend Chinas influence to parts of
    Central Asia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, and to
    the south, the Pacific Coast.
  • Like the Han Dynasty, the Tang forced many of its
    neighbors into a Tributary System, whereas Korea,
    Vietnam, Japan and others had to make regular
    payments to avoid punishment.

5
Tang Dynasty
6
Tang Dynasty
  • Tang economy was very strong due to advanced
    infrastructure (roads, waterways, canals)
  • Grand Canal Begun in the Sui Dynasty to link the
    Yellow and Yangzi Rivers.
  • Increased trade stimulated the Tang economy
  • Silk industry made China exceptionally wealthy

7
Means of Trade/Exchange
  • Indian Ocean Trade Network Chinas control of
    the southern coast allowed participation in the
    Indian Ocean Trade Network.
  • China also traded along the 5000 mile Silk Road
    with the Middle East.

8
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9
Culture in Tang China
  • Tang rulers were cultural patrons
  • Emperor Xuanzong sponsored the creation of the
    Han Lin Academy of Letters, a key institution of
    learning
  • The Tang exerted a strong artistic and religious
    influence over Korea and Japan.
  • Tang monarchs expanded and reworked the imperial
    bureaucracy
  • Revived Scholar-gentry elite reworked Confucian
    ideology

10
Tang Examination System
  • Tang emperors patronized academies to train state
    officials and educate them in Confucian classics.
  • Examination system was greatly expanded.
  • Patterns of advancement were regularized
  • While most bureaucrats won their position through
    success in the Civil Service Examination system,
    birth and family connections still played a role
    in securing office.

11
State and Religion
  • Buddhism thrived in the time before the Sui and
    Tang dynasties
  • Many pre-Tang rulers from nomadic origins were
    devout Buddhists
  • Chan variant of Buddhism (Zen) stressed
    meditation and appreciation of natural beauty.
    Zen had great appeal to Chinese educated classes.
  • Tang support of Confucianism threatened to
    undercut Buddhist successhowever, Tang Emperors
    and Empresses supported the Buddhist
    establishment (Empress Wu r. 690-705 CE).

12
State and Religion
  • Support of Buddhist aroused the envy of Confucian
    and Daoist rivals.
  • Confucian leaders stress the economic impact of
    not taxing Buddhist monasteries, and losing out
    on labor because they couldnt conscript peasants
    who worked on monastic estates.
  • Under Wuzong (r. 841-847) China openly persecuted
    Buddhists.
  • Never again would Buddhism gain the strength it
    had in the early-Tang erahowever, it would
    survive in China
  • Confucianism becomes dominant ideology of Chinese
    civilization from the 9th to early 20th century.

13
Tang Decline
  • During the 800s, a series of peasant rebellions
    and military disasters weakened the Tang.
  • In 906, the Tang Dynasty collapsed and several
    centuries of disunity will follow.

14
China after the Tang
  • Following the Tang breakdown, China fragmented
    into separate states until the late 1200s.
  • The largest and longest lasting was the Song
    Empire.
  • Song empire will last until 1279.
  • Until 1121, the primary threat to the Song was
    the Liao empire to the north.

15
China after the Tang
  • The Song paid tribute to the Liao via silk and
    cash, but then destroyed them with the help of
    Jurchen tribes from the North (even farther
    north).
  • However, the Jurchen then proclaimed their own
    Empire, the Jin, and turned on the Song.
  • The Song gave up territory and retreated to the
    South. The smaller Song state, the Southern Song
    Dynasty, will survive until the Mongol Conquests
    of the 1270s.

16
Northern and Southern Song
17
Song Characteristics
  • Culturally and economically impressive
  • Steady population growth
  • Worlds largest urbanized society
  • Largest cities on earth at the time (population
    over 1 million)
  • Trade contacts lessened, but still active.
  • More involvement with the Pacific coast and
    Southeast Asia.
  • Port of Canton (Guangzhou) became the worlds
    busiest and most cosmopolitan trading centers.
  • Large trading vessels, known as junks, cruised
    the eastern seas and Indian Ocean carrying goods
    for trade.

18
Song Culture and Religion
  • With the exception of the Abbasid Caliphate, Song
    China was of the most scientifically and
    technically advanced societies in the world.
  • Excellent mathematicians and astronomers.
  • Accurate clocks, compasses (used at sea in 1090).
  • Su-Songs celestial clock was built in 1088 CE
  • 80 feet tall
  • Time of day, day of month, positions of the sun,
    moon, planets, and major stars.
  • First device in world history to use a
    chain-driven mechanism powered by flowing water.

19
Chinese Inventions of the Song Era
  • Gunpowder
  • Paper Currency (flying money)
  • Made use of Block Printing (adopted from the
    Koreans)

20
Religion
  • Great revival of Confucius teachings, known as
    Neo-Confucianism.
  • Reinforced Chinese cultures tendency toward
    hierarchy and obedience.
  • Put a premium on education and cultured behavior
  • Civil Service Examination system

21
Women in Chinese Society
  • Neo-Confucianism was used to justify the greater
    subordination of women.
  • Earlier, a husbands family had to produce a
    dowry for a new bride, but during this time
    period, it reversedMarriages were arranged for
    the grooms benefit.
  • Chinese subjugation of women was most obvious in
    foot-binding.
  • Kept womens feet tiny and dainty, but crippled
    them.
  • Established in the 1200s, and continued to the
    1900s.

22
Women in Chinese Society
  • Women of lower classes were freer than those in
    the upper classes, but still occupied a secondary
    status to that of men.
  • Women of all classes had property inheritance
    rights, and retained control of their dowry after
    death or divorce of husband.
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