A Timeline of Terror in America By Marion T. Sanders, Jnr.

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A Timeline of Terror in AmericaBy Marion T.
Sanders, Jnr.
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TerrorismTerrorism is the nagging fear that the
enemy, or your persecutor, can hurt, humiliate,
or degrade you whenever they choose.
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Terrorists-Slave Traders and Slave
Owners-TerrorizedAfricans Shipped to America
The first Africans in America arrived as
indentured servants via Jamestown, Virginia in
1619. Slavery on American soil grew at such a
rapid rate that , by 1750, over 200,000 African
slaves were in America. Fifty years later, that
number grew to 700,000. To be denied freedom and
considered as chattels is to be terrorized.
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Terrorists-Certain Residents of Salem,
Massachusetts-Terrorized Over twenty-four people
In 1692, nineteen innocent men and women were
hanged for witchcraft. An old man was pressed to
death for refusing to stand trial. Four others
died in jail as they awaited trial. One can only
imagine the horror of being targeted as a
witch. The psychological damaged had to be
severe and long-lasting.
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Terrorist- King George III-The Proclamation of
1763-Terrorized American Settlers on the Western
Side of the Appalachian Mountains
Before the French and Indian War, colonists had
begun to expand westward over the Appalachian
Mountains. American colonists fought for the
Mother Country and gained all the land to the
Mississippi River. However, King George issued a
royal proclamation forbidding colonists from
going back home to their western lands. The
Colonists regarded the new policy as an
infringement of their basic rights and an act of
terrorism by the King.
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Procalmation of 1763_ contd
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Terrorists-British navy- Terrorized American
Sailors aboard the Chesapeake (Impressment)
It was the custom of the British Navy in the
early years of the American republic to lie in
wait for America merchant ships after they had
departed an American harbor. They would demand a
search of the vessels for British deserters and
force members of their crews into the British
navy. These act of terrorism eventually turned
violent. In June 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was
intercepted and the American captain refused to
be searched the result was that three Americans
were killed, eighteen wounded, and the American
ship was crippled.
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Impressment of the Chesapeake_contd
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Terrorists-A Mob of Angry Proslavers-Terrorized
Elijah Lovejoy, Abolitionist
Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist. He was a
Presbyterian minister who started a religious
newspaper, the St. Louis Observer, where he
advocated the abolition of slavery. He published
a full account of the lynching of an
African-American in St. Louis and the subsequent
trial that acquitted the guilty parties. This
angered some local people and his printing press
was destroyed by a white mob. Three times
Lovejoys press was seized by white mobs and
thrown into the Mississippi River.
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Elijah Lovejoy
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Terrorists-President Andrew Jackson and the
United States Calvary-TerrorizedCherokee Indians
of Georgia
Even though Jackson was no longer President in
1838, the removal of an estimated 17,000
Cherokees from Georgia was part of his overall
Indian Removal Policy. This act of terrorism was
so heinous that historians immediately began
referring to it as The Trail of Tears. No one
knows exactly how many Cherokee died on the
journey to Oklahoma, but estimates are near 4,000.
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The Trail of Tears
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Terrorists-Angry Anti-Mormon Citizens of
Illinois-Terrorized Joseph Smith and His
Followers
In the spring of 1820, a young, fourteen-year-old
Joseph Smith claimed to have been visited by two
personages who identified themselves as God
the father and Jesus Christ. They told him not to
join any church. A few years later, Smith
claimed he was visited by an angel named Moroni,
who told him of an ancient record containing
Gods dealings with the former inhabitants of the
American continent. Joseph retrieved this record,
which he claimed was inscribed on thin golden
plates and transcribed them. The resulting
manuscript was the Book of Mormon. Smith
organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints. They were,however, soon forced by
unsympathetic neighbors to move to Ohio,Missouri,
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and then Illinois.He was loved by his followers
and hated by his detractors. Smith was persecuted
much of his adult life and was killed along with
his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois,
on June 27,1844
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Terrorists-United States Colonel J.M. Chivington
and His Militia-Terrorized Cheyenne and Arapaho
at Sand Creek Colorado
This conflict began when a group of Cheyenne
continuously refused to move onto a reservation.
In 1864, Colonel Chivington and a troop of
volunteer militia swooped down and attacked a
group of Cheyenne and Arapaho camped near Sand
Creek. Around 250 Indians,mostly women, children
and elderly, were killed in the attack, despite
the presence of flags being flown which were the
agreed-upon indicators of a peaceful camp.
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Sand Creek Massacre_contd
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Terrorists-New Southern State Legislatures
Passing Black Codes-Terrorized Free
African-Americans
In 1865, the newly reconstituted southern
state legislatures passed a series of laws
thereafter known as the so-called Black Codes.
The laws were aimed to control freed men and
women and to enable plantation owners to exploit
and trample on the rights of newly emancipated
African-American workers. Other laws banned
African-Americans from owning or renting farms.
One law allowed whites to take orphaned
African-American children as unpaid apprentices.
The Black Codes were little other than slavery in
disguise.
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Black Codes_ Contd
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Terrorists- Ku Klux Klan (from 1866 on)
-Terrorized African Americans and Their
Supporters
During Reconstruction, white violence against
African Americans and their supporters became a
common occurrence. Much of this violence was
committed by secret societies organized to
prevent freed men and women from exercising their
rights and to help whites regain their power.
The most terrifying of these societies, the Ku
Klux Klan, was formed in 1866. Wearing white
sheets and hoods, members of the Klan launched
midnight rides against African Americans,
burning their homes, churches, and schools. The
Klan killed as well. Klan violence increased
before elections, the group tried to scare
African Americans to keep them from voting.
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Klu Klux Klan_ Contd
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Terrorists-The United States Army-Terrorized
Lakota Sioux Indians
After the death of Sitting Bull in early
December 1890, several hundred Lakota Sioux fled
in fear. They gathered at a creek called Wounded
Knee in southwestern Dakota. Immediately after
Christmas (1890), the army went there to collect
the Siouxs weapons. The Indians were starving
and freezing. No one knows how the fighting
started, but when a shot rang out, the army
responded. Using machine guns, soldiers killed
more than 300 Lakota. Wounded Knee marked the
end of armed conflict between the American Army
and the once mighty Plains Indians. The Native
Americans had lost.
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Wounded Knee_ Contd
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Terrorists-Chicago Police-Terrorized People on
the Street and Eight Anarchists
In 1866, a bloody clash broke out between
police and striders in Chicagos Haymarket
Square. Striking workers from McCormick Harvester
company were protesting the killings of four
strikers the previous day by the Chicago Police.
When police ordered the crowd to break up, an
unidentified person threw a bomb that killed
seven police officers. A fierce battle ensued
which left at least 13 people dead, some of whom
were civilians caught in the middle. Eight
anarchists attending the meeting were arrested
and charged with being accessories to the crime,
on the grounds that they had publicly and
frequently advocated such violence. They were
tried and found guilty on a variety of charges.
Seven were sentenced to death and one to
imprisonment. Four were hanged, one committed
suicide, the sentence of two was commuted to life
imprisonment, and one received
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Haymarket Riot_ contd
a 15-year prison term. In 1893, the three in
prison were pardoned by the governor John P.
Altgeld of Illinois mainly on the ground that no
evidence had been presented actually connecting
the defendants with the throwing of the bomb.
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Terrorists-Robber Barons with the Support of
Congress-Terrorized hundreds of Thousands of
Children
In the 19th century, hundred of thousands of
children under the age of 16 worked in factories,
mines, agriculture and other industries.
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Terrorized Children_ contd
Tipple Boys, as young as 8 years old, had to
sit, leaning over, and using their feet to divide
the rock and shale from the coal as it traveled
on a conveyor belt below them. Because they
worked during their formative years, their spines
were permanently curved.
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Terrorists- Men, Politicians, and the United
States Government-Terrorized Suffragettes and
all Women
For years women fought for the right to vote
and for equal rights in America. Brave women such
as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and
Susan B. Anthony were relentless in their quest.
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Terrorists-President Hoover U.S. Army-
Terrorized Bonus Army
The United States Congress in the boom times
of the 1920s agreed to give each veteran of the
First World War a 1,000 bonus payable in 1945.
In June 1932, when the hard times of the
Depression had set in, about 2,000 of the jobless
veterans wanted their money immediately. They
formed the Bonus Army and marched on Washington,
camping out like soldiers in the public parks to
pressure Congress. When the D.C. police tried to
disband the veterans camp, conflict broke out
and two people were killed. Hoover responded by
calling in the army. With tanks, machine guns,
and cavalry, troops entered the camp. Veterans
and their families fled in terror as the troops
burned their camp.
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Bonus Army_ contd
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Terrorists-United States Government-Terrorized
Japanese-Americans (Nisei)
After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941, Japanese-Americans were feared
and hated by many other Americans. About
two-thirds of the Japanese-Americans were Nisei,
American citizens born in the United States.
As result, the president directed the army to
relocate more than 100,000 Japanese-Americans
living on the West Coast to detention centers
located mostly in desert areas. These internment
camps were crowded and uncomfortable. Conditions
were very harsh and primitive for the internees.
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Japanese Internment camp_ contd
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Terrorists-Segregationist Americans-Terrorized
Elizabeth Eckford And The Others Like Her
In 1957, a federal judge ordered Central High
School in Little Rock, Arkansas, a hitherto
all-white institution, to admit African-American
students. On the day that those students were
scheduled to begin schooling, armed Guardsmen
blocked the schools entrance. One brave young 15
year-old girl, Elizabeth Eckford, nevertheless
braved the insults and threats of white citizens
to enter the school.
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Anti-integration efforts_ contd
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Terrorists- Birmingham Police-Terrorized Civil
Rights Demonstrators
In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King,Jr.,
and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
targeted Birmingham, Alabama, for a desegregation
protest march. The police used high pressure
water hoses against the civil rights marchers.
Police arrested hundred of demonstrators,
including King, but the demonstrations
nevertheless continued.
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Desegregation Protest_ contd
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Terrorists- United States Government/National
Guard-Terrorized Kent State University Students
When President Richard Nixon sent American
troops into Cambodia in the spring of 1970,
anti-war critics charged him with invading a
neutral country. They claimed that in doing this
he had overstepped his constitutional authority
as President. The invasion invoked a storm of
anti-war protests on college campuses across the
nation. Most were peaceful however, one ended in
violence. On the morning of May 4, 1970, armed
troops arrived on the campus of Kent State
University. Rifle fire by a contingent of 28 Ohio
National Guardsmen left four students dead, one
permanently paralyzed, and eight others wounded.
Some of the injured and killed students were
merely walking to and from class. One was an
ROTC officer candidate.
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Kent State_ contd
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Terrorists-Mohammed Salameh, Nidal Avvad, Mahmud
Abbluhalima, and Ahmad Aiaj- Bombed the World
Trade Center in New York City
On February 26, 1993, a suspected car bomb
exploded beneath the World Trade Center in New
York City. Thousands of office workers were
trapped as smoke billowed up through the
building. Hundreds eventually poured out of
the building gasping for air and covered with
soot. In the end, the death toll rose to six
with, however, hundreds of people injured.
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World Trade Center bombing 1993_contd
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Terrorists-Timothy McVeight and Terry Nichols
TerrorizedTerrorized-Workers in and Around the
Murrah Building and America
April 19,1995 a massive bomb inside a rental
truck exploded, blowing half of the nine-story
building into oblivion. A stunned nation watched
as the bodies of men, women, and children were
pulled from the rubble of nearly two weeks. When
the smoke cleared and the exhausted rescue
workers packed up and left, 168 people were dead
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Implosion of the Murrah building_contd
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Terrorist-Theodore Kacznski(Unabomber) and Eric
RudolphTerrorized-Americans
Both of these men used violence to try and bring
about changes in a system they deemed unfair or
corrupt. Kacznski claimed in his manifesto that
his target was Industrial Society and Its
Future. Rudolph bombed abortion clinics, a gay
nightclub and Atlantas Centennial Park during
the 196 Summer Olympics.
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American terroists_contd
Theodore Kacznski
Eric Rudolph
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Terrorists-John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo
(Beltway Sniper)- Terrorized the Washington, D.C.
Area
During three weeks in October of 2002, two men
terrorized the greater metropolitan Washington,
D.C. area. When the killing spree ended, ten
people were dead and three others critically
injured. Following an intense investigation, it
was later learned that the spree had actually
begun a month before with murders and robbery in
several other states where three more had died.
The so-called Beltway Snipers plot was to
extort 10 million from various government
agencies.
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American terrorists_contd
John Allen. Muhammad
Lee Boyd Malvo
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Bertrand Russell called upon men to not submit to
but to transcend, lower moralities which,
glorified power, force, the creed of
militarism,and the struggle for survival.
Living in peace and perpetual happiness is not
only an intrinsic desire, but fervent collective
wish of humankind. Will there ever be an end to
terrorism, war and conflict? Is there a way to
reduce collective stress and create peace?
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