Intellectual and Religious Movements

1
Intellectual and Religious Movements

• AP US History Review

2
Deism

• Product of Enlightenment thinking
• John Locke
• God as creator, but otherwise removed from human
  affairs
• Major influence on thinking of Founding Fathers
  and documents

3
First Great Awakening

• 1720-1740
• Emphasized personal relationship with Christ over
  church ritual
• Jonathan Edwards
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
• Benefits Baptists and Methodists

4
Republican Motherhood

• Modern term for the early Republic belief that
  women must represent ideals of republicanism
• Women should have access to more education so as
  to raise republican sons
• But sphere is the home and no property rights
• Leads to educated women who start abolitionism

5
Second Great Awakening

• 1790-1840
• Protestant revival throughout US
• Evangelical
• Church membership soars
• New churches
• Mormons
• Shakers
• Feeds into Temperance and Abolitionism

6
Romanticism

• Artistic and literary movement of the early 19th
  century
• Rejects rationality and embraces emotion - even
  dark ones (horror) - and nature
• Washington Irving - Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• James Fenimore Cooper - Last of the Mohicans
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Hudson River School

7
Transcendentalism

• 1820s-1840s
• Belief in inherent goodness of people and nature
• Both organized religion and political parties
  corrupt the purity of the individual
• Ralph Waldo Emerson - Nature
• Henry David Thoreau - Walden Civil Disobedience

8
Utopianism

• Experiments in communal living based on religious
  or socialist principles
• New Harmony, Indiana - Robert Owen
• Brook Farm, Mass. - George Sophia Ripley
• Burned over district - western NY state
• Edward Bellamy - novel Looking Backward

9
Mormonism

• Began in 1820s in Western NY - Joseph Smith
• New gospel revealed in Book of Mormon
• 1830s persecuted in Missouri
• 1840s Brigham Young brings Mormons to Utah
• 1857 Utah War

10
Abolitionism

• Worked to limit and eradicate slavery in the US
• Many were Quakers
• Many women
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
  Anthony, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
• American Colonization Society - Liberia
• William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator
• Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Frederick Douglass

11
Cult of Domesticity

• 19th Century
• Women must exhibit "four virtues
• Piety
• Purity
• Submission
• Domesticity
• Married women should not work nor have life
  outside the home
• Feminists viewed as mentally ill

12
Women's Rights

• Challenged Cult of Domesticity
• Began advocating for women to keep property in
  marriage
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
  Anthony
• Declaration of Sentiments
• demands suffrage and property rights

13
Nativism

• 1850s
• (Native) American Party "Know Nothings"
• Belief that Irish and German immigrants were
  overwhelming the country
• William Poole Millard Fillmore
• Successors Ku Klux Klan American Protective
  Society

14
Social Darwinism

• Belief that economic success was evidence of
  moral character and superiority
• Used to justify excessive wealth of Gilded Age
  rich
• Adherents believed it was wrong to help the poor
  or weak
• Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, William Graham
  Sumner

15
Third Great Awakening

• 1850s-1900s
• Protestant revival - social activism
• Josiah Strong - Our Country
• Felix Adler - Society for Ethical Culture
• New sects
• Christian Scientists
• Pentecostals
• Jehovah's Witnesses

16
Social Gospel

• Late 19th - early 20th centuries
• Protestant movement that reacted against poverty,
  slums and ignorance
• Settlement House Movement
• Jane Addams
• YMCA
• Salvation Army
• Progressivism

17
Realism

• Late 19th - early 20th centuries
• Movement to represent subjects truthfully,
  without artistic conventions or flowery language
• Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) - Huckleberry Finn
• Stephen Crane - The Red Badge of Courage
• Ashcan School