Title: Ancient Rome
1Ancient Rome
2Roman Geography
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4Italian Peninsula 750 BCE
- Influences
- Etruscans
- Greeks
- Latium region
- Latins and Sabines.
- tribal, agrarian
5Reflections on the Etruscan CivilizationBy
Graziano Baccolini
- I can never succeed in understanding why Italians
still fail to recognize the enormous contribution
that the Etruscan civilization has made to our
Western civilization. We keep on believing the
teaching that the Greeks and above all the Romans
are the peoples to whom the Western world owes
its origins. All of this is considerably
exaggerated and based on historical falsehoods.
However, I have ascertained instead that it is
the Etruscans, coming from the East, who are the
true founders of our European culture,
6Etruscans
- Settled between 900 - 800 BCE
- Origins unknown, possibly eastern Mediterranean,
possibly Asia Minor - Brought civilization and urbanization to Italian
Peninsula - Single most important influence on Roman culture
in its transition to civilization.
7Chimera
8Etruscan society Contributions
- Architecture Engineering
- Arch used in gates bridges
- FORUM plan
- Women play a fairly significant role
- Alphabet a variation of Greek, foundation for
Latin (isolate language) - Religion
- anthropomorphic gods
- divination (augury)
- Artistic Legacy
9ROMAN BEGINNINGS.
- As the Etruscans developed their civilization in
the North, what events were taking place south
along the Tiber River?
10The Forum
- political and economical center of Rome during
the Republic - It emerged in the 7th century BCE
- maintained well into the Imperial period
- reduced to a monumental area
11Roman Origins
- Legend and mythology ???
- Ancient writers such as Livy and Herodotus
- Archeological evidence
- Virgils Aeneid
- Titus Livius , The History of Rome
- Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome.
- Romulus murdered Remus
- Romulus - the first King of Rome
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13Rise of Roman Power
- Consolidation of Italian Peninsula
- (5th C 3rd C BCE)
- Rome a city state w/ Etruscan Kings - liberated
509 BCE - Continual Battle for control
- Organization of Governing Body
14The Roman Legion
15Roman Republic
- Government
- Law
- Family
- Gender
- Artistic Legacy as a reflection of values and
society - Foreign Relations
16Making sense of the Roman Republic
- What is meant by republic and is the Roman
Republic a democratic system? Explain. - Romans are perhaps best remembered for their law
code, first created during the Republic period.
What was, and continues to be, so significant
about this law code? - What aspects of the Roman system do you see as
being problematic in terms of its future success?
17Roman Republic
- 509 BCE Rome is liberated
- 270 BCE control of entire Peninsula
- 2 Consuls
- (Rulers of Rome)
- Senate
- (Representative body for patricians)
- Tribal Assembly
- (Representative body for plebeians)
DICTATOR During war or conflict
18Roman RoadsAppian Way
Built Roman Cultural Identity Soldiers spread
throughout Taxation, citizenship in some cases
19The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
- CODE OF LAW
- Earliest (surviving) piece of literature
- Created out of the struggle for legal and social
protection and civil rights between - PATRICIANS the privileged class
- PLEBEIANS the common people
- Bound both parties to the agreement
- Magistrates (the 2 consuls) were to enforce
impartially.
20The Twelve Tables
- TABLE I Procedure for courts and trials
- TABLE II Trials, continued.
- TABLE III Debt
- TABLE IV Rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over
the family - TABLE V Legal guardianship and inheritance laws
- TABLE VI Acquisition and possession
- TABLE VII Land rights
- TABLE VIII Torts (Laws of injury)
- TABLE IX Public law
- TABLE X Sacred law
Plebeians also won TRIBUNE w/VETO
Power Continued to gain more participation in
government
21V. 1 "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by
reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in
guardianship, even when they have attained their
majority." XI. 1 "Marriage shall not take place
between a patrician and a plebeian."What do
these tell us about Roman society?
- Excerpts from Twelve Tables
22Insights from the Twelve Tables
- main bonds which hold the society together and
allow it to operate are - the clan (genos, gens)
- patronage (patron/client)
- the inherent (and inherited) right of the
patricians to leadership (in war, religion, law,
and government).
23Recap
- What strategies/methods did the Romans implement
in their takeover of the Italian Peninsula? - Why would it be correct to say that the
Mediterranean Sea was the most significant
geographic feature in the development of the
Roman Empire? - How did Roman expansion influence their
relationship with their neighbors?
24Carthaginians
25218BCE after 1st Punic War
26Punic Wars
- Roman Carthaginian Rivalry
- 264 BCE- 146 BCE
1st Punic War 2nd Punic War 3rd Punic War
Roman victory Sardinia Corsica Sicily Hannibal invades Rome Romans invade Carthage Romans defeat Hannibal at Zama Romans invaded Carthage Sold survivors into slavery Salted the earth
Rome establishes provinces in North Africa
27Hannibals RouteSecond Punic War, 218BCE
28Siege of Carthage
29100BCE After 3rd Punic War
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31Evaluating the Success of the Republic
- In what ways was the Roman Republic a success?
- In what ways was the Roman Republic a failure?
- How could the creation of an empire essentially
bring about an end to the government of the
republic?
32Roman Empire
33From Republic to Empire
- Civil War Emerged from the spoils chaos of
conquest - Excess wealth from cheap labor and markets
- Sizeable slave population
- Corruption greed
- Widening gap between rich poor
- Calls for reform
- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (Tribunes)
- the poor should be given grain and small plots of
free land. - Assassinated
34Political Turmoil
- Civil War gave rise to professional armies,
instead of citizen soldiers - Loyal to commanders, not senate or consuls
- Competition among
- old Republicans who believed Senate should hold
the power - Popular leaders (reformers, commanders)
- ENTER. JULIUS CAESAR Consul Commander
35Julius Caesar Veni, vidi, vici
- Conquered Gaul 59 BCE
- Crossed the Rubicon
- Marched on Rome disregarded Senate Pompeys
orders - Ruled as a dictator
- maintained Senate which had no real power
- Reforms
- Public works, increased citizenship, created
jobs, calendar
36Beware the Ides of March
Senators feared Caesar's growing power
37What should be the legacy of Julius Caesar?
- Provide examples in support of your decision
38Julius Caesar was a reformer who was working in
the best interest of the Roman people when his
life was cut short by assassins.
Julius Caesar was a dictator who intended to use
his popularity to usurp the power of the Senate
and establish a monarchy to benefit himself and
his family.
Julius Caesars true objectives will never be
known, but given the available evidence I believe
his legacy is best described as having pitted
Roman against Roman and ultimately destroying the
Roman Republic.
Julius Caesars true objectives will never be
known, but given the available evidence I believe
his legacy is best described as having laid
the foundation for the great Roman Empire.
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40AD 337 At its Peak
41Civil War Again!
- Caesars supporters joined forces to capture
murderers - Caesars chief general Marc Antony
- Caesars grandnephew Octavian
- Power struggle ensued between Antony Octavian
- The Age of Empire had begun.
42Antony Cleopatra
43Roman Empire
- 31BCE Octavian defeated Antony Cleopatra
- 27 BCE Senate bestowed title Augustus
- Religious connotation, divine, semi-divine
- Monarchy disguised as republic
- Preserved traditional offices
- New standing army loyal to emperor
- Ruled for 45 years
- Initiated Pax Romana
Augustus of Prima Porta
44AD 14 At the time of Octavian Augustus Death
45Pax Romana
- ROMAN PEACE
- Wealth brought greater Urban development of Rome
- Circus Maximus, The Coliseum, Aqueducts
- Development of Cities (Paris, London, Lyon,
Toledo) - Interdependence
- Specialization of Agriculture
- Facilitation of Trade and Communication
- Postal Service, Roads
- Roman law (added to and adapted 12 Tables)
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Right to face accusers in court of law
46Mare Nostrum
47Roman Roads
North African road almost 3,000 miles
All Roads Lead to Rome
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49Coliseum Circus Maximus
50Aqueducts
51Engineering an Empire
52How had life changed for people during Pax Romana?
53Roman Society
- What aspects stayed the same as the Republic and
what changed? - Growth of New Social Classes
- Merchants, contractors, engineers, landowners
- Pater Familias
- Father of the family patriarchal, deferential
society - Womens Role
- Domestic affairs, inheritance influence grew
over time - Slavery
- 1/3rd of Population growth of slave population
- revolts
5473 BCE Spartacus Revolt
55Politics Religion
56Belief Systems of the Early Roman Empire
- Polytheistic spirits (unlike Greece) Pantheon of
deities (like Greece) - Jupiter principle god
- Rituals, Sacrifices, Priests Priestess
- Tolerant, blended with other local religions
- Religions of Salvation (saved for a better
afterlife) - Cult of Isis
- Jewish Community problematic to Roman Emperor
Because of monotheistic nature - Jewish War 66 70AD
- Emergence of Christian Jewish Sect- followers of
Jesus of Nazareth
57Early Christian Beliefs Practices
- Monotheistic
- Jesus of Nazareth Savior son of God
- Salvation equally accessible to all
- Eternal life - Salvation
- Rich, poor, men, women
- High moral standards of conduct
- Faith ahead of personal family interests
- Regional variations according to bishops
- Role of women, ordination, account of Jesus life
impact
challenges to traditional Roman society
58Spread of Christianity
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60How are Roman officials likely to respond to the
growth of the Christian sect?Why might
Christianity become more of a concern for the
Romans than the Jewish sect?
61Christian relationship with Early Roman Empire
- Missionary Component
- St Paul of Tarsus traveled throughout
Mediterranean bringing converts to Christian
Community - Appealed to lower classes, women, urban
populations - Sizeable Christian population by 300 CE
- ProblemRefused to honor Roman deities or
recognize Emperor as having an element of
divinity - Sporadic campaigns by Empire to persecute
eliminate Christians
62Back to Politics
- What changes were taking place in the Empire by
the 3rd Century? - What were some of the problems the Empire might
be experiencing?
63Later Empire Fundamental Political Changes
- Accession of Diocletian to the throne in A.D.
284. - Roles of consul, tribune, senate lost any
remaining significance, and were practically
abolished. - 292, Diocletian created a Tetrarchy
- A co-Augustus in the West
- Two lesser rulers (Caesars)
- Each emperor ruled in his own territory
- defending the frontiers
- suppressing revolts
64Emperor Constantine
- Ruled 306 to 337
- ruled the Western Empire
- proclaimed emperor by the legions of Gaul
- Battle of the Milvian Bridge
- Ended the civil wars of the Tetrarchy
- 323 Constantine became sole Emperor of the whole
Roman world
65Constantines Conversion
- Vision in battle -Constantine had soldiers wear
crucifix symbol into battle - 313 - Edict of Milan granted by Constantine
- religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire
- restitution of property confiscated from
Christians. - Constantine's profession of Christianity deprived
it of much of its independence - used the church as an instrument of imperial
policy - imposed upon the church his imperial ideology
66Constantinople
- Dedicated on May 11, 330
- Ancient Greek city of Byzantium
- Capital of the empire
- Favorable position
- Economic (ports, trade)
- Political (eastern fronts)
- Christian Capital
- Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)
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69Hagia Sophia
70Fall of the Roman Empire
- Not one specific cause
- Internal Decay
- External pressures
- Timing consistent with Fall of Asian Empires
- Crises of Late Antiquity
71Internal Decay
- Disease epidemics
- small pox, measles
- Economic drain
- Centralization unmanageable
- Rise of regional self sufficiency
- Political turmoil
- succession crises
- Widening gap between rich and poor
72External pressures
- Germanic invasions
- Late 4th Century Huns
- Attila the Hun
- Aggressive westward migration
- Invaded Hungary, Balkans, Northern Italy
- Pressure on other Germanic groups
- Visigoths, Franks, Vandals
- Invaded Roman territories
- Rome sacked 410
- 476 Imperial Authority came to an end
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75Crisis of Late Antiquity
76Sources
- http//www.unrv.com/empire/founding.php
- http//www.csun.edu/hcfll004/12tables.html
- http//sights.seindal.dk/sight/4_Forum_Romanum.htm
l - http//history-world.org/christianity20conversion
_of_constantine.htm - http//www.earlychurch.org.uk/constantine.php