Div 07

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
Div 07 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION
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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
A mortar or concrete is considered impermeable
when it does not permit passage or flow of water
through its pores or voids. The absorption of a
mortar or concrete is the property of drawing in
or engrossing water into its pores or voids by
capillary action or otherwise. If the pores or
voids between particles are sufficiently large
and connected from surface to surface of the
wall, the concrete will be permeable to water.
If the pores or voids are very minute, but
connect with one another, theoretically they may
act as capillary tubes, but the capillary forces
will tend to hold the water and prevent the
passage of water.
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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
The various methods of waterproofing concrete may
be classified as follows

• Impermeability through a Dense Concrete
• Accurate grading and proportioning of the
  concrete materials in order to secure a concrete
  so dense as to be waterproof.
• Waterproofing Coatings and Washes
• Applying waterproof coatings or washes to the
  concrete after it is on place.
• Integral Waterproofing Compounds
• Mixing foreign substances with the concrete.
• Membrane Waterproofing
• Surrounding the concrete with layers of
  waterproofing materials.

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

1. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Portland cement mortar and concrete can be made
practically waterproof or impermeable without the
use of any integral waterproofing materials but
in order to obtain such impermeable concrete or
mortar considerable care should be exercised in
selecting good materials

• Well-graded sands containing considerable graded
  fine material are preferable for making
  impermeable concrete, or fine material in the
  form of hydrated lime, finely ground clay, or an
  additional quantity of cement will be of value.
• The consistency of the concrete mixture should be
  wet enough so that it can be puddled, mixture
  should be well spaded against the forms to avoid
  the formation of pockets on the surface.
• Care should be taken not to over trowel which may
  cause erasing the coating will be effective.

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
Permeable concrete results from

• Defective workmanship, resulting from improper
  proportioning, lack of thorough mixing,
  separation of the coarse aggregate from fine
  aggregate in transporting and placing the mixed
  concrete, lack of density through insufficient
  tamping or spading, improper bonding of work
  joints .
• The use of imperfectly sized and graded
  aggregates.
• The use of excessive water, causing shrinkage
  cracks and formation of laitance-seams .
• The lack of proper provision to take care of
  expansion and contraction, causing subsequent
  cracking .

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

• Waterproofing Coatings and Washes
• The materials employed as surface coatings may
  be classified as follows

• Alum and soap mixtures applied in alternate
  mixtures (known as the Sylvester process), which
  penetrates the pores of the concrete forming
  insoluble compounds due to chemical action
  between the alum and soap solutions, and these
  compounds prevents percolation.
• - use in proportions of ¾ gal. of soap to 1
  gal. of water, and 2oz. of alum to 1 gal. of
  water, both substances to be perfectly dissolved
  in water before using.
• - should be applied with a soft, flat brush
  (one for each solution), the soap boiling hot and
  the alum solution at 60 to 70?F.

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

• Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

• Alum, lye and cement washes .
• Cement grout, with or without the addition of
  water-repellants.

• Paraffin and other mineral bases, applied cold in
  solution or prepared in melted.
• Miscellaneous materials of unknown composition
  sold under various trade names.

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

• Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

• Specially prepared bituminous products, e.g.,
  FLINT-KOTE, JOHN-MANSVILLE, etc

• Asphalt emulsions - Generally called Asphalt Base
  Clay Emulsions, minute asphalt particles
  dispersed in water and maintained in suspension
  (until applied) by a mineral colloid emulsifying
  agent. When the water vehicle evaporates,
  resilient reinforced weatherproof film remains
  which resist the passage of free water but allows
  movement of water vapor through the film and are
  classed as breathing films.
• Cutback Asphalts - composed of a variety of
  products from thin liquids to heavy paste, often
  one or more asphalts dissolved in solvent are
  filled with minerals and fibers to meet
  requirements of different coating uses and
  provide tough, durable films resistant to the
  passage of water vapor.

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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

• Integral Waterproofing Compounds
• These are manufactured and sold under various
  trade names, and are available in powder or
  liquid form, e.g.

SAHARA POZOLITH AQUELLA Truscon
ZILICON ANTI-HYDRO
The addition of the integral waterproofing
compounds will not, however, compensate for lean
mixtures, nor for poor materials, nor for poor
workmanship in the fabrication of concrete
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1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

• Membrane Waterproofing
• Layers of waterproofing materials used in this
  method range from ordinary tar paper laid with
  coal-tar pitch to asbestos or asphalted felt laid
  in asphalt.

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing various corrugations
  and rib sections.
• Aluminum Roofing various corrugation and rib
  sections

1. Plastic Roofing

• Plastic various corrugation and rib sections
• Polycarbonate corrugated and flat sheets

1. Tile Roofing

• Clay
• Concrete

1. Shingles

• Wood
• Tar

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing

• Corrugated galvanized iron sheets are
  manufactured in lengths of 5 to 12 ft. in 1 ft.
  increments, the 8 ft length being the most
  commonly used.
• Width of sheets is 32. Each sheet has 10
  corrugations with a pitch of 3.
• For roofing, Ga. 26 is generally specified, Ga.
  24 is preferred.
• Galvanized iron sheets are also sometimes used as
  siding for industrial buildings. When used as
  siding, courses shall be lapped at least 6.

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Aluminum Roofing

• Corrugated aluminum is rigidized sheet fabricated
  of special aluminum alloys specifically developed
  for this purpose.
• Has a high insulating value and is about
  one-sixth lighter than similar materials.
• Is silvery in color, strong and does not stain
  adjoining materials.
• It reacts, however, with dissimilar materials,
  lead-base paints green or damp wood, certain wood
  preservatives, lime mortar, concrete, and other
  masonry materials and must be insulated from
  contact with these materials .
• Width of sheets are 32-5/8, 32, 31-1/2,
  31-1/8, and 30-5/8 lengths are from 6 to 12
  ft. in 1 ft. increments. Number of corrugations
  for 32 sheets and wider is 12 sheets of
  narrower width have 10 corrugations.

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Plastic Roofing

• Corrugated or Ribbed Roofing

• Corrugated sheets are manufactured in in same
  widths and lengths as Metal Sheet Roofing.
• Metal reinforced plastic roofing is available.
• Ideally used in sites of high salinity levels.

• Sheet Roofing

• Polycarbonate Sheets.
• Ideally used in greenhouses, patios, outdoor
  sheds, and skylights.

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Tile Roofing

• Clay Tiles

• Concrete Tiles

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2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

1. Shingles

• Wood Shingles

• Tar/Asphalt Shingles

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3. JOINT SEALANTS
3.01 TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

1. Bituminuous Cement

is a black substance available in solid,
semi-solid, or liquid states at normal
temperatures. composed of mixed indeterminate
hydrocarbons, appreciably soluble only in carbon
disulfide or other volatile liquid hydrocarbon.
used for sealing built-up roofing, and joints
and cracks of concrete pavements.
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3. JOINT SEALANTS
3.01 TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

1. Silicone Sealant

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End of Div 07 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION