Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Considerations for Certification and Interoperability

1
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Considerations for
Certification and Interoperability

• Aircraft Certification Information Session

2
Outline

• FAA Activities
• EASA Activities
• FAA/EASA Collaboration
• Reference Information on EASA Annexes

3
Status of FAA Regulatory Development

• Starting Small and Do No Harm
• Why? Market surveys indicate majority of UAS
  developed in the next 8-10 years will be under 20
  pounds
• Includes civil, military, and commercial use
• Creation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee
  (ARC)
• Initial committee meeting held May 27-29 in DC
• An aggressive schedule (6-9 months)
• Rulemaking Process is lengthy
• Projected final rule due in 2010/2011

4
More Regulatory Plans

• FAA has several certification teams focusing on
  future rule development
• Restricted Category guidance
• 14 CFR Part 1 Definitions
• 14 CFR Part 21
• 14 CFR Part 23 review applicability
• 14 CFR Part 27 (Rotorcraft) review
  applicability
• Ground Control Station Technology
• Automatic Take-off Landing Technology

5
Experimentals and Approvals

• 31 Experimental Certificates Issued since August
  2005
• 8 more in the queue
• Certificates of Authorization/Waivers
• Still between 80-100 per year
• Recent Challenge with Optionally Piloted Aircraft
• Interest is increasing in using for UAS equipment
  development
• Need guidance for the field

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Policies Guidance Material
7
Policies Guidance Material
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RTCA Building Avionics Standards

• Developing Minimum Aviation System Performance
  Standards (MASPS) for
• UAS
• Sense Avoid (Includes separation assurance)
• Command Control
• Recent re-baselining of Terms of Reference
• MASPS projected for gt2015
• Risk-based approach
• Industry support (or lack of it) drives the
  schedule
• Harmonization with EUROCAE WG-73

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EASA Activities

• The A-NPA
• A-NPA 16/2005 issued on 7 November 2005
• Still available on the EASA web-site
• http//www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_archives.php
  
• Consultation closed on 7 February 2006
• Basis for the A-NPA
• Report of the JAA and EUROCONTROL joint
  initiative on UAV (UAV Task-Force report)
• http//www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_archives.php
  
• Purpose of the A-NPA
• Envisage a policy for UAV systems
  (airworthiness)) certification
• Solicit comments on specific points

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EASA Activities

• The policy
• Scope
• Objectives
• Definitions
• Design and production
• Continuing airworthiness
• Environmental protection
• UAS flying vehicle ground segment control
  data link

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EASA Activities

• The Comment Response Document was published on
  06/12/2007 http//www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_
  archives.php
• The Agency acknowledge the significant delay
  compared to initial previsions
• Majority of comments concur that the option
  chosen by the Agency to develop a policy for
  UAV/S certification within the constraints
  described in the A-NPA is a step in the right
  direction.
• Was open for reactions until 06/02/2008.

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EASA Activities

• Highlights of comments received
• Conventional versus safety target approach for
  certification
• The two alternatives for selecting the manned CS.
• UAV system safety analysis
• Need for DOA
• Certificate of airworthiness and control stations
• Environment
• UAV or UAS?
• sense and avoid
• Total system approach as proposed by Sweden
• Security
• Coordination with military working group on UAV
• UAV below 150 KG
• Regulatory framework for UAV Role of EASA and
  development of a comprehensive framework for UAV
  regulation

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Reactions on CRD

• Reactions have been received from
• 5 Manufacturers
• 1 Association of Manufacturers
• 1 Research Establishment
• 2 Authorities
• 1 Pilot Association
• One issue has been heavily commented
• Safety target approach/ Target safety levels
• Analysis of reactions will be done so that the
  policy is issued in Summer

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Contacts with Other Organisations

• ICAO
• EASA is participating into the Unmanned Aircraft
  System Study Group (UASSG)
• FAA and Transport Canada
• The three organizations will communicate about
  any activity initiated by one of them in the
  field of UAV
• EUROCONTROL
• Regular contacts are maintained , be it in the
  context of general coordination or specific
  meetings, or through its participation in
  workshops

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Contacts with Other Organisations

• EUROCAE
• Agency provide regular updates to the EUROCAE
  working group WG-73
• WG-73 was asked to work on certain tasks
  identified in the CRD
• European Defence Agency
• The Agency intends to build on the first contacts
  established with EDA.
• NATO
• NATO is considering inviting the Agency to its
  FINAS working group

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Contacts with Other Organisations

• Workshop on 01/02/2008
• Objective of sharing information was achieved
• Presentations are on the EASA web-site at
• http//www.easa.europa.eu/home/g_events.html
• Consider further coordination between
  Institutions
• Seek EASA management agreement to be more present
  in UAV activities
• EASA will participate into the activities related
  to UAV below 150 KG
• Noted different views expressed on EASA approach
  to safety objective and encouraged reactions on
  the CRD
• Reactions on CRD will be fully evaluated
• Confirmed the need to publish the policy quickly
  now

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EASA extension of scope

• Previous Basic Regulation (1592) establishes
  Community competence only for the regulation of
  the airworthiness and environmental compatibility
  of products
• Scope of this regulation is now extended to air
  operations flight crew licensing and third
  country aircraft
• New Basic Regulation No 216/2008 dated 20
  February 2008 and effective 8 April 2008
• Implementing rules for manned aircraft 1 year
  later

IRs for UAS crews and UAS ops expected in due time
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EASA extension of scope

• EASAs scope proposed to cover also the safety
  regulation of airport operations, air traffic
  management and air navigation services
• Opinion 03/2007 for aerodromes was issued in
  December 2007
• Opinion 01/2008 for ATM/ANS dated 15 April 2008
• Legislative proposal for both could be issued by
  the Commission in summer 2008
• EASA legal remit fully extended by say 2011?

IRs for access by UAS to airspace expected in due
time
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EASA Conclusions

• Present and future extensions of scope have been
  described
• This present extension of scope will allow us to
  address operations and crew licensing issues for
  UAV
• EASA is committed to finalise this summer the
  policy for UAV systems certification
• EASA is willing to cooperate and contribute to
  the development of a comprehensive UAV regulatory
  framework.
• debate is necessary before proposing any IRs
  EASA looks forward for your continuing support

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FAA/EASA Collaborative Efforts

• Improve communication approach
• Propose Quarterly Teleconferences
• Rulemaking approaches (Includes design,
  production, maintenance, operations, and
  licensing)
• Area of common interest
• Identification of priority areas for future
  rulemaking
• Starts with information exchange as a working
  method
• Sharing data in a generalized format on safety
  cases made by applicants without being project
  specific
• Process that established the tailoring case
• Continued Airworthiness data
• Identification of issues surrounding the
  Validation of Approvals, e.g. future bilateral
  considerations
• For example, issues surrounding VLA/VLR
• Desire to mitigate burden on applicants

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Summary

• The Challenges of Integrating UAS are many
• Sharing the Workload will be Key to a Timely
  Success
• This is Not a Race Its about Safety

22

• ADDITIONAL REFERENCE INFORMATION

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EASA-Annex I

• More information on the policy

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EASA activities

• The policy (I)
• Scope
• UAS with a maximum take-off mass of 150 kg or
  more which are not excluded by Article 1(2) or
  Article 4(2) and Annex II of EC Regulation
  1592/2002.
• Objectives
• Airworthiness (protection of people and property
  on the ground) environmental protection (ICAO
  annex 16)
• Definitions
• insist on the system UAS

UAS flying vehicle ground segment control
data link
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EASA activities

• The policy (II)
• Procedure for UAS certification Part 21 is
  applicable
• Type certificate (TC)
• Part 21 A.17 type certification basis
• Design organisation approval for designer
• Production organisation approval for manufacturer
• Certificate of airworthiness and Noise
  certificates for individual UAS
• Restricted certificate of airworthiness may be
  issued for operations in remote areas
• This procedure would allow for a stepped by step
  approach
• Restricted certificate of airworthiness
• TC

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EASA activities

• The policy (III)
• UAS elements to be included in the type
  certification basis
• Any function and associated equipments that can
  prejudice continued safe flight and landing or
  environmental compatibility
• Typical list is provide in attachment 1 of the
  policy

 No hazard  principle for mission avionics and
transmission of mission data
States may voluntarily apply elements of the
policy to UAV lt 150 Kg
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EASA activities

• The policy (IV)
• Type Certification basis
• Adapted from existing Certification Specification
  (CS) for manned aircraft
• Methodology to select appropriate CS.
• Tailoring for UAS of selected CS
• UAS system safety assessment
• Special conditions
• emergency recovery capability
• communication link
• level of autonomy
• human machine interface
• Others
• Detailed guidance is contained into attachment 2
  to the policy

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EASA activities

• The policy (IV)
• Continuing airworthiness
• Part M is applicable
• Environmental protection
• Noise appropriate chapters of annex 16 volume I
• Need for adaptation for UAS specific use
• Gaseous emissions and fuel venting annex 16
  volume II

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EASA-Annex II

• Disposal of main comments in CRD

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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues fully within the old (Reg. 1592/2002)
  EASA remit (I)
• Conventional versus safety target approach for
  certification
• Conventional approach retained
• The two alternatives for selecting the manned CS
• Kinetic energy method retained
• UAS system safety analysis
• Quantitative level as in selected CS for first
  issue of the Policy
• Ask EUROCAE WG-73 to develop further guidance for
  the system airworthiness aspects

31
Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues fully within the old (Reg. 1592/2002)
  EASA remit (II)
• Need for DOA
• Possible alleviation for light UAS
• Certificate of airworthiness and control stations
• Certificate of airworthiness covers one air
  vehicle and one control station
• Environment
• Stick to ICAO Annex 16 keeping in mind that
  turbo-jet powered UAS with short take-off
  distances and/ or special missions may
  necessitate specific measures.
• UAV or UAS?
• UAS

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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues fully within the old (Reg. 1592/2002)
  EASA remit way forward
• Short term
• Review the reactions
• When appropriate modify the policy
• Publish the policy in Summer because we have
  already 3 applications
• Further development of the policy
• several tasks proposed to the EUROCAE WG-73 as
  described in the previous slides

33
Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues outside the EASA remit (I)
• sense and avoid
• Still not part of the Policy
• To develop a special condition using EUROCONTROL
  specification relative to military UAS used in
  operational air traffic outside segregated
  airspace
• Agency will request EUROCAE WG 73 to develop the
  special condition
• Total system approach as proposed by Sweden
• Attractive concept but goes beyond UAS
  certification
• Deserve further study

34
Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues outside the EASA remit (II)
• Security
• Key issue but not within EASA remit
• Safety impacts of security systems are within
  EASA remit
• Coordination with military working group on UAS
• Importance recognised
• USAR version 3 and most likely STANAG 4671 can
  be used with certain limitations
• UAS below 150 KG
• Coordination between Member States using EUROCAE
  WG-73 is encouraged

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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA consultation
and replies in CRD

• Issues outside the EASA remit way forward
• regulatory framework for UAV Role of EASA and
  development of a comprehensive framework for UAV
  regulations
• Create a group to identify building blocks and
  road map for a comprehensive framework for UAV
  regulation
• The group should report to the Commission
  because the Commission is competent for all
  issues related to UAV regulation. It should
  include the main players and take into account
  existing or planned activities. A specific task
  for the group would be to develop regulatory
  impact assessment (in particular safety case).
• The group should allocate responsibilities so
  that each player is responsible to organise its
  work. The group may also organise further studies
  as appropriate (e.g. Total System Approach,
  Safety Target approach)