Drugs in Society: Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine

1
Drugs in Society Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine

• Kathy Badria, Kaitlin Shupe, Scott Stirn, Shayne
  Thompson, Rebecca Watson

2
In the past week, how many of you

• Drank alcohol?
• Had a smoke?
• Drank a cup of coffee?

3
Alcohol

• Physiological Mechanism
• Addiction
• Effects on Behavior

4
Physiological Mechanism

• Alters interaction between neurotransmitters and
  receptor at the synaptic cleft
• Affects variety of transmitters ACh, serotonin,
  NMDA, dopamine, GABA
• Ex) GABA receptor
• Increases activity which decreases neuronal
  transmission
• Alcohol in the Brain

5
Addiction Formation

• Normal NMDA function is excitatory when
  stimulated by glutamate3
• Inhibited by alcohol
• Two changes with chronic alcohol use
• NMDA composition changes leading to synaptic
  plasticity 5
• Increase in number of NMDA receptors6

6
Addiction Heredity

• Alcoholism is genetic
• True, but gene/ mechanism unknown
• Speculation4
• Altered serotonin structure
• Altered dopamine receptor structure
• Etc.
• Actuality
• Combination of environmental and genetic factors

7
Effects on behavior Acute

• Relaxing
• Slows reaction time
• Lowers inhibitions
• Reduces coordination
• Impairs concentration
• Mostly effects on cerebellum
• Hand to nose field test

8
Effects on Behavior High consumption

• Vomiting
• Unconsciousness
• Difficulty breathing
• Coma

9
Effect on Behavior Female1
10
Effects on Behavior Male1
11
Nicotine

• Physiological Mechanism
• Addiction
• Effects on Behavior

12
What is Nicotine?

• Natural alkaloid, C10H14N2
• Found in Nicotiana tabacum
• Clear liquid- turns brown when burned

13
How is Nicotine delivered to the Body?

• Easily absorbed through skin, lungs, and mucous
  membranes
• Enters small blood vessels which carry it to the
  heart
• The heart pumps it to the brain
• After about 20-30 minutes it reaches other
  tissues in the body such as skeletal muscle8

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cigarette/nicotine.ht
ml
14
Nicotine in the Brain

• Inhaled nicotine reaches the brain within 10
  seconds
• Diffuses capillary walls and surrounds neurons
• Mimics acetylcholine by activating cholinergic
  receptors. (Nicotinic Receptors) Nicotine in the
  Brain
• Increases levels of dopamine, glutamate, and
  epinephrine

Acetylcholine
15
Elimination from the Body

• Metabolized in the liver, kidney, and lungs
• Cotinine (70) and Nicotine-N-oxide (4)8
• Half life 2 hours8
• Excreted in urine

16
Physiological Effects

• Can act as both a stimulant and a sedative
• Immediate release of glucose
• Increased blood pressure
• Increased heart rate
• Increased respiration
• Suppression of insulin
• If pregnant, may cause lower birth weight and
  premature delivery
• Increased risk for seizures and hypothermia

17
Behavioral and Cognitive Effects

• Tolerance
• Feelings of pleasure and motivation (reward
  pathway)
• Addiction
• Withdrawal syndrome
• Common withdrawal symptoms are craving,
  irritability, aggressiveness, cognitive deficits,
  sleep disturbances, and increased appetite
• Depression and fatigue
• Might improve reaction time, ability to focus,
  and memory

18
Indirect Effects of Nicotine

• Cancer! lungs, mouth, esophagus, larynx,
  pharynx, kidney, bladder and many others
• Cardiovascular disease
• Stroke
• Emphysema

19
Treatments for Nicotine Addiction

• Behavioral and pharmacological treatments
• Nicotine Replacement Therapies nicotine gum,
  transdermal patch, nasal spray, and inhaler
• Zyban

20
Toxicity

• Previously used as an insecticide9
• Previously used in darts for sedating elephants9
• Nicotine poisoning causes vomiting, nausea,
  headaches, respiratory problems, abdominal pains,
  seizures, and death10
• LD50 oral rat- 50mg/kg and skin rat-140mg/kg10

21
Some Statistics to Consider

• Nicotine is one of the most heavily used
  addictive drugs in the U.S.11
• An estimated 45.8 million adults in the United
  States smoke cigarettes12
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  indicate that tobacco use remains the leading
  preventable cause of death in the U.S., causing
  approximately 440,000 premature deaths each year
  and resulting in an annual cost of more than 75
  billion in direct medical costs11
• Each year an estimated 150,000300,000 children
  younger than 18 months of age have lower
  respiratory tract infections because of exposure
  to secondhand smoke12

22
Caffeine

• Physiological Mechanism
• Addiction
• Effects on Behavior

23
What is Caffeine?

• Trimethylxanthine14, C8H10N4O2
• In pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline
  powder that tastes very bitter.
• LD50 of Caffeine 13-19g (depends on weight and
  individual sensitivity).
• The half-life of caffeine is 3.5-10hrs.
• Caffeine is completely absorbed by the stomach
  and small intestine within 45 minutes of
  ingestion.
• The chief source of pure caffeine is the process
  of decaffeinating coffee and tea.

24
Caffeines Activity comes from its resemblance
to15

• Adenosine
• C10H13N5 O4
• cAMP
• C10H12N5O6P
• 
  C8H10N4O2

25
The Mechanism of Caffeine Caffeine works in 4
ways16

• Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase
• Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors
• Mobilization of Calcium (may lead to bone mass
  loss osteoporosis)
• Antagonism of Benzodiazepine Receptors

26
The Two Key Mechanisms of Caffeine

• It blocks the enzyme phosphodiesterase from
  removing the secondary messenger cAMP, so the
  excitory signals from adrenaline persist much
  longer.
• It binds to adenosine receptors on the surface of
  cells without activating them (competitive
  inhibition). The result is an increase in
  adrenaline (epinephrine). Since epinephrine is
  the natural endocrine response to a perceived
  threat this will lead to various symptoms17.

27
Without Caffeine

• Adenosine builds up in the course of a day, and
  when levels are high enough, the adenosine binds
  to receptors that cause nerves to release
  inhibitory signals that lead to drowsiness and
  sleep.
• Adenosine also causes a dilation of blood vessels
  to the brain, to provide more oxygen and
  nutrients to cells needing to be replenished18.
• Caffeine in the Brain

28
With Caffeine

• To a nerve cell, caffeine looks like adenosine.
  Caffeine thus binds to the adenosine receptor.
  However, it does not slow down the cells
  activity like adenosine would. The cell doesnt
  respond to adenosine because caffeine is taking
  up all the receptors adenosine binds to. And
  instead of slowing down as usual, the cells speed
  up.
• Caffeine also causes the brains blood vessels to
  constrict, whereas adenosine causes them to open
  up.
• This delays drowsiness, and fatigue, it also
  tends to produce a more rapid and clearer flow of
  thought19.

29
Increased Nervous Activity

• Because caffeine interrupts the pathway that
  normally serves to regulate nerve conduction by
  suppressing post-synaptic potentials, there is a
  constant neuron firing in the brain, the
  pituitary gland sees this activity as a problem
  and assumes something is wrong.
• As a result, it will soon begin to release
  hormones telling the adrenal glands to produce
  adrenaline (epinephrine)20.

30
The Effects of Adrenaline Physiological Effects
of Caffeine21

• Dilating pupils
• Heart beats faster
• Blood vessels on the surface constrict to slow
  blood flow from cuts and also to increase blood
  flow to muscles
• Blood pressure rises
• Blood flow to stomach slows
• The liver releases sugar into the blood for extra
  energy
• Muscles tighten
• Constricts blood vessels
• Caffeine is a diuretic (dehydration)

31
Psychological Effects of Caffeine16

• An intake of 100mg of Caffeine can induce
• Dizziness
• Anxiety
• Agitation
• Irritability
• Restlessness
• Insomnia
• Headaches
• Can form a dependence within 6-15 days of use
• Those who are addicted to caffeine show symptoms
  of withdrawal 12-24 hours after intake has
  stopped.
• Symptoms of withdrawal include
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Maybe Anxiety

32
Addictive Qualities

• Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that, in certain
  parts of the brain activates the pleasure center.
• Furthermore, Caffeine increases dopamine levels
  in a similar way that amphetamines do (heroin and
  cocaine manipulate dopamine levels by slowing
  down the rate of dopamine reuptake).
• Although the effect of caffeine is much lower
  than heroin, it follows the same mechanism.
• It is the dopamine connection that is suspected
  to contribute to caffeine addiction22.

33
Effects of Caffeine on Spiders
34
The Need for Caffeine?

• Clearly, you can see why your body might want/ be
  addicted to caffeine.
• Its effects are short term. If you are short on
  sleep and need to stay awake
• Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors by binding to
  them, so you feel alert.
• It injects adrenaline into your system to give
  you a boost.
• And it manipulates dopamine production to make
  you feel good18.

35
How much caffeine is in23

• Coffee (6 oz. cup) 150 mg
• Java Water (16.9 oz.) 125 mg
• Espresso (1.5 oz. - 2 oz.) 100 mg
• Haagen Dazs Coffee Ice Cream (1 cup) 58 mg
• Mountain Dew (12 oz.) 55 mg
• Black tea (6 oz.) 50 mg
• Dannon Coffee Yogurt (8 oz.) 45 mg
• Diet Coke (12 oz.) 45 mg
• Dr Pepper (12 oz.) 42 mg
• Sunkist Orange Soda (12 oz.) 42 mg
• Lipton bottled iced tea (16 oz.) 40 mg
• Diet Pepsi (12 oz.) 36 mg
• Baking chocolate 35 mg
• Barq's Root Beer (12 oz.) 22 mg
• Green tea (6 oz.) 15 mg
• MMs (1.75 oz.) 15 mg
• Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar 10 mg
• Hot chocolate (6 oz.) 10 mg
• Decaffeinated coffee (6 oz.) 2-6 mg

36
Caffeine in Society
37
Caffeine

• Social aspects
• Why consume caffeine?
• Is peer presure involved?
• Is it wrong to consume caffeine?
• How many people consume caffeine?

38
Death by Caffeine23

• http//www.energyfiend.com/death-by-caffeine/

39
LD-50, Caffeine17

• ORL-RAT LD50 192 mg kg-1 orl oralIPR-RAT
  LD50 260 mg kg-1 ipr intraperitonealIVN-RAT
  LD50 105 mg kg-1 ivn intravenousIVN-WMN LDLO
  57 mg kg-1 wmn womanORL-CHD LDLO 320 mg kg-1
  chdchildORL-HMN LDLO 192 mg kg-1 hmn
  humanSCU-RAT LD50 170 mg kg-1 scu
  subcutaneousIPR-GPG LDLO 220 mg kg-1 gpg
  guinea pig
• LD50 lethal dose, 50 percent kill
• LDLO lowest published lethal dose
• http//www.physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/caffeine.html
  

40
MSDS, Caffeine24

• Target Organs Heart, central nervous system.
  Potential Health Effects Eye Dust may cause
  mechanical irritation. Skin May cause skin
  irritation. Ingestion Harmful if swallowed. May
  cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea,
  vomiting and diarrhea. Ingestion increases the
  metabolic rate causing warm, flushed and moist
  skin, muscular weakness, rapid heart rate,
  insomnia, nervousness, increased metabolism and
  weight loss. May cause ataxia, blood pressure
  elevation, convulsions, hallucinations,
  hypermotility, muscle contraction or spasticity,
  somnolence (general depressed activity), toxic
  psychosis, and tremors. Inhalation May cause
  respiratory tract irritation. May cause effects
  similar to those described for ingestion.
  Chronic May cause cancer according to animal
  studies. May cause digestive tract and cardiac
  disturbances. May cause reproductive and fetal
  effects.

41
Caffeines History

• 600,000 BCE- Believed to be the first use of
  caffeine
• 2,737 BCE- Tea is invented by the Chinese
• 900 BCE- Homer recalls a black beverage that
  wards off sleep.
• 850 CE- Coffee is discovered by goat herder Kaldi
• 1100 CE- First coffee trees cultivated

42

• 1475 CE- First coffee shop opens in Turkey
• 1607 CE- Coffee is brought to the new world
• 1880 CE- Caffinated soft drinks are invented
• 1970 CE- US imports 70 percent of the worlds
  coffee
• Present Day- More than 400 billion cups of coffee
  are consumed every year.

43
Fun Facts25, 26

• Americans drink more than 300 million cups of
  coffee per day.
• The worlds three biggest coffee drinkers are the
  U.S., France and Germany (65 of the total world
  consumption).
• Coffee is second only to oil in terms of dollars
  trade worldwide.

44
More Fun Facts25, 26

• Coffee beans from Coffee arabica, grown mostly in
  Central and South America, contain about 1.1
  caffeine. Beans from Coffee robusta, grown mostly
  in Indonesia and Africa, contain about 2.2
  caffeine.
• Caffeine is on the International Olympic
  Committee list of prohibited substances (The
  limit 12 ug / mL of urine).
• The human body will usually absorb up to about
  300 milligrams of caffeine at a given time (4
  cups of coffee).

45
Nicotine in Society
46
Nicotine

• Withdrawal Symptoms
• Craving for nicotine, irritability, anxiety,
  difficulty concentrating, restlessness, sleep
  disturbances, decreased heart rate, and increased
  appetite or weight gain
• Proof that the symptoms are from nicotine can be
  shown be the replacement of nicotine and the
  relief of the symptoms

47
LD-50, Nicotine18

• ORL-RAT LD50 50 mg kg-1 IPR-MUS LD50 5.9 mg
  kg-1 SKN-RBT LD50 50 mg kg-1 IVN-MUS LD50 0.8
  mg kg-1 SKN-RAT LD50 140 mg kg-1
• LD50 lethal dose, 50 percent kill
• LDLO lowest published lethal dose
• http//www.physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/NI/nicotine.html
  

48
MSDS, Nicotine19

• Potential Health Effects
• Eye May cause eye irritation.
• Skin May cause skin irritation. May be
  fatal if absorbed through the skin.
• Ingestion May be fatal if swallowed. May
  cause adverse effects of the musculature. May
  cause severe digestive tract irritation with
  abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
  May cause tremors and convulsions. May cause
  muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and
  possible death. Exposure causes initial nervous
  system stimulation followed by severe CNS
  depression. May cause ataxia and incoordination.
• Inhalation May cause effects similar to
  those described for ingestion.
• Chronic May cause digestive tract and
  cardiac disturbances.

49
Causes of death in the U.S.20
50
Annual Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking
in the U.S., 1995-199921
51
Tobaccos early history22

• Tobacco originated in the Americas.
• 1492 Christopher Columbus brings tobacco to
  Europe. One crew member is caught smoking
  by the Inquisition and is imprisoned for being
  possessed by the Devil.
• 1565 Tobaccos popularity has spread throughout
  Europe
• 1612 Tobacco is successfully cultivated for the
  first time as a cash crop in Virginia
• 1618 Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
• 1629 Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of
  tobacco.
• 1660 Slavery appears in the tobacco-growing
  colonies of Virginia and Maryland.
• 1775 Virginia and Maryland's combined tobacco
  production exceeds 100 million pounds.

52
Alcohol in Society
53
AMENDMENT XVIII40Passed by Congress December 18,
1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by
amendment 21.

• Section 1.After one year from the ratification
  of this article the manufacture, sale, or
  transportation of intoxicating liquors within,
  the importation thereof into, or the exportation
  thereof from the United States and all territory
  subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
  purposes is hereby prohibited.
• Section 2.The Congress and the several States
  shall have concurrent power to enforce this
  article by appropriate legislation.
• Section 3.This article shall be inoperative
  unless it shall have been ratified as an
  amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
  of the several States, as provided in the
  Constitution, within seven years from the date of
  the submission hereof to the States by the
  Congress.

54
AMENDMENT XXI40 Passed by Congress February 20,
1933. Ratified December 5, 1933.

• Section 1.The eighteenth article of amendment to
  the Constitution of the United States is hereby
  repealed.
• Section 2.The transportation or importation into
  any State, Territory, or Possession of the United
  States for delivery or use therein of
  intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws
  thereof, is hereby prohibited.
• Section 3.This article shall be inoperative
  unless it shall have been ratified as an
  amendment to the Constitution by conventions in
  the several States, as provided in the
  Constitution, within seven years from the date of
  the submission hereof to the States by the
  Congress.

55

• 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act forced
  states to raise their drinking ages to 21 or lose
  federal highway funding.35
• Impact
• Proportion of drivers age 16-20 who were involved
  in fatal crashes and were intoxicated dropped 33
  percent from 1988 to 1998
• BUT Proportion of intoxicated drivers aged 21-24
  and 25 or older dropped drastically as well,
  according to the CDC
• Drivers age 16-20 are involved in 13 of all
  alcohol-related fatal accidents
• BUT drivers age 16-20 are also involved in 13
  of all NON-alcohol-related fatal accidents (blame
  experience, not alcohol?)

56
State-by-State Laws37

• In Alabama, 2 of 3 counties are dry (no
  production, distribution, or sale of alcohol
  allowed). However, Alabama permits the sale of
  fireworks, tobacco and firearms with virtually no
  restrictions or regulations.
• Fairbanks, Alaska, is a dry town for moose (It is
  illegal to feed a moose any alcoholic beverage)
• In Indiana, liquor stores cant sell milk or cold
  soft drinks, but they can sell unrefrigerated
  soft drinks
• It is illegal to bring alcohol through a dry
  county in Mississippi while traveling across the
  country
• Nebraska state law prohibits bars from selling
  beer unless they are simultaneously brewing a
  kettle of soup

57
In Utah37

• Wine used for wine tastings must not be
  swallowed.
• Full alcohol service is available only to
  dues-paying members of private social clubs or a
  limited number of restaurants that can't
  advertise, display, or mention the availability
  of alcohol beverages.
• It's illegal ... to advertise drink prices,
  alcohol brands, to show a drinking scene, to
  promote happy hour, to advertise free food, or
  for restaurants to furnish alcohol beverage lists
  unless a customer specifically requests one.

58
Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Consumption
of Alcohol (APIS, 1/1/2005)27
59
Alcohol and weight36

• Drinking alcohol doesn't lead to weight gain, and
  many studies report a small reduction in weight
  for women who drink. Probable causes
• Research suggests that alcohol energy is not
  efficiently used
• Alcohol appears to increase metabolic rate
  significantly
• Consumption of sugar may decrease as consumption
  of alcohol increases
• Weight gain comes from the tendency to eat more
  food while drinking, not the alcohol itself

60
Alcohol Myths38

• Myth Drinking coffee can sober a person up
• No amount of coffee (or any other drink) can
  cause alcohol to leave a persons system faster.
• Alcohol leaves virtually everyones system at a
  constant rate of 0.015 BAC per hour.
• Myth Men and women can drink the same, given the
  same height and weight.
• Women generally have a higher fat content, so the
  same amount of alcohol has a higher concentration
  in their lower water content.
• Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase in their
  system, preventing them from metabolizing
  alcohol as quickly.

61
More myths38

• Myth Binge drinking is an epidemic on college
  campuses.
• To be a binge drinker, one must drink over an
  extended period of time (typically at least two
  days) during which time a person repeatedly
  becomes intoxicated and gives up his or her usual
  activities and obligations in order to become
  intoxicated.
• Myth Alcohol destroys brain cells.
• There is no scientific evidence that alcohol in
  moderation contributes to brain cell loss.
• In fact, moderate drinking is often associated
  with improved cognitive function.

62
Binge Drinking

• Binge drinking is defined as having five or more
  drinks in a row for boys and four or more drinks
  in a row for girls by the National Institute on
  Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
• Binge drinking often begins around 13 and
  increases through adolescence
• 60 percent of college men and 50 percent of
  college women are binge drinkers
• 91 percent of college women who are considered
  binge drinkers, consider themselves moderate or
  light drinkers

63
Consequences

• Vomiting
• Unconsciousness
• Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin
• Slow or irregular breathing
• Alcohol poisoning
• Decreased awareness of surroundings

64
Social Consequences

• In schools with high binge drinking rates
• 34 percent of non-binge drinkers reported being
  insulted or humiliated by binge drinkers
• 13 percent reported being pushed, hit, or
  assaulted
• 54 percent reported having to take care of a
  drunken student
• 68 percent were interrupted while studying
• 26 percent of women experienced an unwanted
  sexual advance

65
Fun facts about alcohol39

• Frederick the Great of Prussia tried to ban the
  consumption of coffee, demanding that the
  populace drink alcohol instead.
• The Bible belt, which consumes the least
  alcohol in the U.S., is also known by many
  doctors as Stroke Alley.
• Temperance activists typically consumed patent
  medicines that contained up to 40 alcohol (about
  as much as whiskey).
• Bourbon is the official spirit of the United
  States.
• The U.S. Marines first recruiting station was in
  a bar.
• Magellan spent more on sherry than on weapons for
  his trip around the world in 1519.

66
Ethical Concerns
67
Why are these drugs legal in the United States?
68
Cannabis

• Why is marijuana a controlled substance
• when alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are all
• legal drugs?

Cannabis in the Brain
69
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