FQ: How did the Cold War affect nations around the world?

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FQ How did the Cold War affect nations around
the world?

• Do Now- Review Vocabulary Words
• Define the following words (Dont look at your
  notes)
• Cold War
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan

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The Cold War in China
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Communists vs. Nationalists

• World War II in China
• Mao Zedongleads Chinese Communists against
  Japanese invaders
• Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)leads of
  Chinese Nationalists in World War II
• Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil
  war after WWII ends

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Communists vs. Nationalists
Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)
Mao Zedong
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The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

• The Superpowers React
• U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called
  Republic of China
• Soviets and China agree to help each other in
  event of attack
• U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of
  communism in China

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The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

• China Expands under the Communists
• China takes control of Tibet and southern
  Mongolia
• India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt
  against Chinese
• China and India clash over border fighting stops
  but tensions remain

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The Communists Transform China

• Communists Claim a New Mandate of Heaven
• Chinese Communists organize national government
  and Communist Party
• Maos Brand of Marxist Socialism
• Mao takes property from landowners and divides it
  among peasants
• Government seizes private companies and plans
  production increase

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The Communists Transform China

• The Great Leap Forward
• Communeslarge collective farms often supporting
  over 25,000 people
• Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop
  failures and famines

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The Communists Transform China

• The Cultural Revolution
• Cultural Revolutionmovement to build society of
  peasants and workers
• Red Guardsgroups of violent and radical
  youthclose schools and execute or imprison many
  intellectuals
• In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or
  exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by
  the government Counter Revolutionary.
• However, the Cultural Revolution continues until
  Maos death in 1976.

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The Cold War in Korea
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Korea- Peninsular- surrounded by 3 sides of
water Japan- archipelago- chain/group/cluster of
islands
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War in Korea

• A Divided Land
• 38th parallelline dividing Korea into North
  Korea and South Korea

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War in Korea

• Standoff at the 38th Parallel
• In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with
  Soviet support
• South Korea requests UN assistance 15 nations
  send troops
• Douglas MacArthurleads UN forces against North
  Koreans
• North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when
  MacArthur attacks
• Half of North Koreas army surrenders, the rest
  retreat

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War in Korea

• The Fighting Continues
• UN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese
  border
• Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and
  capture Seoul
• MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed
  from command
• In 1953, cease fire signed and border established
  at 38th parallel

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War in Korea

• Aftermath of the War
• North Korea builds collective farms, heavy
  industry, nuclear weapons
• South Korea establishes democracy, growing
  economy with U.S. aid

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The Cold War in Vietnam
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War Breaks Out in Vietnam

• The Road to War
• Ho Chi MinhVietnamese nationalist, later
  Communist leader
• The Fighting Begins
• In 1954, French surrender to Vietnamese after
  major defeat
• Domino theoryU.S. theory of Communist expansion
  in Southeast Asia. If one country falls to
  communism then the rest will fall as well.

Ho Chi Minh
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The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973 Note the Ho Chi
Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia
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War Breaks Out in Vietnam

• VietnamA Divided Country
• International peace conference agrees on a
  divided Vietnam
• Ngo Dinh Diemleads anti-Communist government in
  South Vietnam
• VietcongSouth Vietnamese Communist guerillas
  fighting against Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem
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The United States Gets Involved

• U.S. Troops Enter the Fight
• In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and
  North Vietnamese
• U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly
  unpopular government
• Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China,
  and Soviet Union

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The United States Gets Involved

• The United States Withdraws
• War grows unpopular in the U.S. in 1969, Nixon
  starts withdrawing troops
• VietnamizationNixons plan to withdraw U.S. from
  war gradually
• Last U.S. troops leave in 1973 South Vietnam
  overrun in 1975

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The Vietnam War Ends

• Vietnam after the War
• Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam united
  as Communist nation
• About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some
  settling in the U.S. and Canada
• In 1995, United States normalizes relations with
  Vietnam

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Cambodia

• Cambodia in Turmoil
• Khmer RougeCommunist rebels who take control of
  Cambodia in 1975
• They slaughter 2 million people overthrown by
  Vietnamese invaders
• In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds
  elections with UN help

Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian
Communist Party, literally Red Khmers) in 1977
at the height of his power
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Postwar Southeast Asia

• The Killing Fields were a number of sites in
  Cambodia where large numbers of people were
  killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime,
  during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979,
  immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

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Postwar Southeast Asia

• At least 200,000 people were executed by the
  Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number
  of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies,
  including disease and starvation, range from 1.4
  to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7
  million).

A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of
the victims.
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Choung Ek Killing Field The bones of young
children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.
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Mass grave in Choeung Ek.
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The Cold War in Latin America and the Middle East
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Fighting for the Third World

• More Than One World
• Third Worlddeveloping nations often newly
  independent, nonaligned
• Cold War Strategies
• U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for
  influence over the Third World
• They back revolutions and give economic ,
  military and technical aid

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Fighting for the Third World

• Association of Nonaligned Nations
• Many countries, like India, want to avoid
  involvement in the Cold War
• In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African
  leaders who want neutrality
• Nonaligned nationsindependent countries not
  involved in the Cold War

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Confrontations in Latin America

• Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
• Fidel Castroleads revolt in Cuba against
  dictator supported by the U.S.
• By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy,
  takes U.S. property
• In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles
  at the Bay of Pigs

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Fidel Castro
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Confrontations in Latin America

• Nuclear Face-off the Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles
  in Cuba
• Soviets withdraw missiles U.S. promises not to
  invade Cuba
• Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

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Confrontations in Latin America

• Civil War in Nicaragua
• Anastasio Somoza DebayleNicaraguan dictator
  supported by the U.S.
• Daniel Ortegaleads Sandinista rebels who take
  power in Nicaragua
• U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support
  Sandinistas
• Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador
• U.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to
  assist El Salvador
• In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,
  Sandinistas lose

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Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported
president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)
Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986
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Confrontations in the Middle East

• Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
• Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments
  and oil companies
• Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize
  British oil company
• U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet
  encroachment

Shah Reza Pahlavi
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Confrontations in the Middle East

• The United States Supports Secular Rule
• Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S.
  support
• Ayatollah Ruholla KhomeiniIranian Muslim leader
  lives in exile
• In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees

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Confrontations in the Middle East

• Khomeinis Anti-U.S. Policies
• Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in
  Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days
• Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing
  tensions with Iraq
• Saddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian
  Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.
• Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war U.S. aids both
  sides, Soviets help Iraq

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Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.
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Confrontations in the Middle East

• The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
• Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist
  government against rebels
• Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets
  with U.S. weapons
• U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union
• Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989