CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MANAGEMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FACILITIES

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CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MANAGEMENT,OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OFRURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
FACILITIES

• BY
• Dr. O. A. Bamgboye
• Deputy Director (Training)
• NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES INSTITUTE, KADUNA

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CAPACITY BUILDING

• 1. Basically, a process by which an organization
  develop the capability to respond adequately to
  challenges it may face towards realizing its
  objectives.
• 2. It recognizes
• Human beings as the greatest agent of change
• (Adding value to raw material for development).
• Human Resources are the most important factor in
  achieving efficient and effective integrated
  water resources management

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CAPACITY BUILDING (contd)

• It involves
• 1. Creating enabling environment with appropriate
  policy and legal framework.
• 2. Attitudinal change through increased knowledge
  and education plus effective impartation of
  skills.
• 3. Institutional development including community
  participation, human resources development,
  operational support and strengthening of
  management systems.
• 4. Adaptation of technology to meet service
  levels optimally (Appropriate Technology)

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Conceptual Framework for CAPACITY BUILDING
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Result Orientation Management of Project Cycle
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Building Capacity Trend in the WS Sector

• Before Now
• Centralization 1. Decentralization
• Govt. domination 2. Community participation
  (CBOs
• 
  NGOs)
• Engineering Centered 3. Holistic Approach
  (Social, Cultural, Managerial)
• Supply Driven 4. Demand Responsive Approach
• Water as Social Community 5. Social and Economic
  Commodity
• Isolated Interventions 6. Integrated Water
  Resources
• 
  Management
• Gender Insensitive 7. Gender Conscious
• A Political tool 8. Sustainability Issues

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FRWSS Service Management Policy

1. Establish Water Evironmental Sanitation
   Committee (WESCOM) in the community to own and
   manage water supplies and to collect tariffs for
   OM and replacement costs.
2. WESCOMs to engage private sector or train own
   staff for OM and management of the schemes.
3. Local Government and State Water Agencies to
   provide technical assistance and advise to
   communities/WESCOM.

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Capacity Building for RWSSP

• Capacity Building for STWSSP should address how
  Stakeholders are enabled to make an informed
  choice of
• How they can participate in a project.
• Service level options.
• How services are to be allocated, managed and
  maintained.
• How contributions are to be made and managed
  inclusion of valuable group demand.

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Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes
Knowledge Skills Attitudes
Knowledge of policies, legislation and institutional arrangements which influence technical decisions. Ability to adapt technologies to meet demand, providing mixed levels of service and upgradable systems Ability to work as part of a multidisciplinary project team - without necessarily leading it.
Knowledge of individual and team roles and responsibilities and of key working relationships. Ability to cost options and recommend prices based on the results of demand assessment. Willingness and patience to devolve decision making to communities and households.
Knowledge of a range of water supply and sanitation options, their flexibility and limitation. Ability to communicate technical (and possibly financial) concepts to people with little or no technical background. Willingness to work unconventional hours and to work in remote or difficult situations.
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Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes
Knowledge Skills Attitudes
Knowledge of how to cost options accurately. Ability to negotiate demand taking into account resource and environmental constraints. Willingness to adapt standards as appropriate, assessing risk and retaining technical responsibility
Knowledge of technical standards, their basis and adaptability. Ability to engage with all users, especially the poor and women. Sensitivity to the demands, culture and circumstances of vulnerable groups, especially women and the poor.
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Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes
Knowledge Skills Attitudes
Knowledge of a range of management options and contribution systems. Ability to train local managers, implementers and support staff in technical, managerial and financial skills. Willingness to improve personal knowledge and skills as part of continuous professional education.
Knowledge of wider applications of water and environmental sanitation (e.g. small-scale irrigation, sustainable urban drainage and garbage disposal). Willingness to support the project team by improving basic technical knowledge and skills.
Knowledge of a number of participatory techniques, their use and limitations, and how to apply them.
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MONITORING EVALUATION

• The project team after training should
  participatorily develop project - specific
  monitoring and evaluation systems which can serve
  as a valuable management aid. Possible
  indicators for management include

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Table 1 Possible indicators for monitoring
domestic water supply
Indicators Remarks
Upfront cash contributions An up-front contribution is a strong indicator of demand, and should be measured. This illustrates that ME can be used during implementation, as long as systems are established.
Water availability Demand is unlikely to be met if water is not available. This can be relatively simple to monitor on a daily or weekly basis, for example by measuring tap flows or hours of operation.
Quantity used The amount of water used can also be a good indicator of demand. Low consumption may indicate that other sources are preferred. Measuring consumption can be difficult meters are not installed.
Regular payment for services received If users are not satisfied with the service they receive, they are unlikely to want to pay for it. Payment is simple to measure, and is a useful indicator of demand.
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Table 1 Cont Possible indicators for monitoring
domestic water supply
Indicators Remarks
User satisfaction complaints It is important to measure user satisfaction (and dissatisfaction) that is not linked to payment. This may apply to women who seldom control the financial resources used to pay for water, but who have a majority interest in domestic water and sanitation.
Upgrading Upgrading is a good indicator that i) people are valuing water supply more and ii) there is a system that can respond to changes in demand.
Hand washing and use of soap Related to the use of sanitation and its potential health impact, hygiene behaviour can also be monitored, again using evidence from a sanitary survey.
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Table 2 Possible indicators for monitoring
domestic sanitation
Indicators Remarks
Payment Received The number of payments received indicates demand for each option offered.
Waiting time Demand may diminish if there is a long delay between payment and delivery. A delay can indicate problems in administration, logistics or construction.
Number of Latrines Built Though important in terms of potential impact and easy to measure, the number of latrines built is irrelevant if they are not used.
Use of facilities Use is more difficult to measure. A sanitary survey24 can be used to look for evidence of use. It is important to establish if all members of the household are using the latrine, and if not, why not.
Upgrading Upgrading is a good indicator that (i) people are valuing sanitation more and (ii) there is a system that can respond to changes in demand.
Hand washing and use of soap Related to the use of sanitation and its potential health impact, hygiene behaviour can also be monitored, again using evidence from a sanitary survey.
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Special case of Sanitation.

• The skills required for community management of
  sanitation and hygiene differ significantly from
  those needed by water supply.
• Sanitation is usually a household issue affecting
  families and individuals rather than communities.
  It is a private good.
• Sanitation practices and related behaviours are
  often long established, reflecting cultural and
  social values to a greater extent than water
  supply.
• Demand for improved sanitation is often weak or
  non-existent and must be stimulated before it can
  be responded to. It requires exposure,
  understanding and behavioural change over a
  period of time

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Technology Choice for Rural Community Water Supply
S/N Water Supply Technology Advantages Disadvantages
1 Protected Communal Hand dug Well Cheap, access to large number of people, No mechanical parts, low maintenance. Susceptible to contamination and can spread diseases, could dry up in dry season, distance from users.
2 Hand dug well in household yard Inexpensive, closer proximity to users, fewer users per well. Susceptible to contamination, higher cost for users
3 Community Well or Borehole with Handp Cheapest source, no maintenance, available at point of need. ump . Protected and relatively safe water supply Needs regular maintenance, small capacity and slow delivery.
4 Protected Spring by gravity Cheap, access to large number of people, No mechanical parts, low maintenance. Distance from users, unforseen obstruction to spring flow, favour by geological setting only.
5 Rainwater Harvesting Cheapest source, no maintenance, available at point of need. Storage needed for dry season use, susceptible to contamination and Environmental Pollution.
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Technology Choice for Rural Community Water Supply
6 Pond Filtration with Handpump Relatively safe water supply, compatible with Agricultural Activities. Surface water flow can pollute pond, Distance from users, Needs regular maintenance.
7 Borehole with Motorized Pumps - Solar, Petrol or Diesel powered Protected and safe water supply, more water available per person, could be expanded to include Distribution network Needs maintenance and continuous supervision, User may have to walk to water point, more expensive.
8 Slow sand Filtration for Surface Waters . Large quantities filtered for group of communities or semi-urban areas, construction cost low, maintenance minimal with few mechanical parts, Distribution network, can be expanded, supply point closer to consumer, future demands easily accommodated. Cost per head may be advantageous More expensive, Possible problems with water leakages, susceptible to abuse and illegal connections, large consumer groups may be difficult to control and harmonise trained operators required
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Conclusion

• Selection of the technology and service level of
  water supply and sanitation systems is often done
  by others than the eventual users of the systems.
  Selection criteria do often not sufficiently
  include the views and expectations of the users,
  nor do they always give sufficient thought to
  sustainability potential of the chosen technology
  in the given circumstances. This approach often
  causes serious problems in acceptance of the
  facilities, in willingness to pay and, operation
  and maintenance.
• Policy on equipment standardization, based on
  performance experience, is needed to minimize
  indiscriminate importation of various
  unserviceable brands of equipment by the water
  supply operators or equipment dealers. In
  country manufacture and planned distribution of
  machines and spare parts can guarantee
  reliability.

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NWRI EXPERIENCIES

• UNICEF Supported Rural Water Supply Training
  Programme.
• PTF National Rural Water Supply Programme.
• STWSSP Pilot Project at Katsina, Niger and Ebonyi
  States
• Community Based Urban Development Project at
  Ebonyi, Edo, A/Ibom, Jigawa, Nassaraw, Bauchi,
  Ogun Ondo States.
• STWSSP at Adamawa, Delta and Ekiti States.