Early Kingdoms

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• Early Kingdoms
• Nile
• Kush
• Axum
• Ghana
• Mali
• Songhai

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Nile

• Settled around the Nile river fertile soil
• Egyptian Empire developed from here and expanded
  their power.
• Trade, conquest brought cultural diffusions and
  advancements
• Polytheistic, belief in the afterlife, pyramids,
  pharaohs, and hieroglyphics

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The Story of Nubia/Kush

• Nubia (Land of Gold) The Kingdom of Kush (also
  called Nubia - the Land of Gold)
• Hey Day Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow.
  Because their archers were expert and fierce.
• Major Exports They had gold mines, ivory,
  incense, and iron ore.
• Resources Unlike Egypt, in Nubia, they were not
  dependent upon the flooding of the Nile for good
  soil to grow crops and long growing seasons. They
  enjoyed tropical rainfall all year long.

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• ExportsTrade was very important to Kush. They
  established flourishing ports on the Red Sea.
  They tried to work out trade agreements with
  Egypt that would allow them free access to the
  Mediterranean via the Nile River. Egyptians
  depended on Kush for iron, gold, and for exotic
  goods like incense and ebony. Kush wanted
  Egyptian manufactured goods, especially their
  cotton, an export for which Egypt is still famous
  today.
• Industry As the demand for iron grew, Kush ran
  into a problem. To make iron, they needed to wood
  to burn. They had wood, lots of wood. But they
  burned so much wood in the process of making
  iron, and they used up supplies so fast, that the
  forests could not keep up.

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• Kush looked around for new avenues of trade. They
  had incense. They had ivory. Certainly someone
  would want these wonderful products. The leaders
  of Kush began to turn their eyes towards the vast
  Sahara Desert. Whas it possible? Could they
  develop a trade route to the far away kings of
  which they had great things?

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Achievements

• Developed their own religion and alphabets after
  the Egyptian gods and heiroglyphics
• Learned to make iron weapons and tools
• Wasted iron is still left in the capital city
  Meroe (in the ruins)
• Trade Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean, East
  Africa, and India

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Axum

• Where?
• South of Kushites, developed on the plateaus of
  Ethiopia
• Power?
• King Ezana conquered Kush (350 BC)
• Achievements
• Trading Empire close to the Red Sea allowed for
  great access and control of spices, gems and
  ivory to Egypt, Asia, and Arabia
• Christianity one of the few African kingdoms to
  convert to Christianity, and became isolated
  later on by the Muslim dominated Africa

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Ghana

• The kingdom of Ghana had its heyday from 900 CE
  through 1230 CE
• Major Export Gold
• Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines
• Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
  (army)
• Agricultural crops Yams (sweet potatoes), beans,
  rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds,
  cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and
  peanuts.
• Economic specialization Traders, miners,
  farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
• Famous Ghanians Anansi the Spider, Griots
• People Happy. The common people worked very
  hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
  time for music, art, and the griots.
• Religion Many gods and goddesses

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Mali

• The empire of Mali had its heyday from 1200 CE
  through the late 1400's.
• Major Export Gold
• Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt
  Mines
• Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
  (army)
• Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
  millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
  poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
• Economic specialization Traders, miners,
  farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
• Famous People Sundiata, Mansa Musa
• People Happy. The common people worked very
  hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
  time for music, art, and the griots.
• Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
  gods and goddesses

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Songhai

• The empire of Songhay had its heyday from 1400's
  through the late 1500's.
• Major Export Gold
• Most Sought After Import Books
• Natural resource Fish, Niger River, Gold Mines,
  Salt Mines
• Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
  (army)
• Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
  millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
  poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
• Economic specialization Fishermen, traders,
  miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers,
  witchdoctors
• Famous People Sonni Ali the Great
• People The common people worked very hard. The
  nobles were more comfortable.
• Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
  gods and goddesses

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Trade Routes Develop

• Camels (Ships of the Desert)
• Around 750 CE, Islamic traders began to use
  camels to transports goods across the desert.
• Camels were the perfect answer.
• Every trader knew his camels were the best!
  Camels soon were nicknamed the "Ships of the
  Desert".

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• The Trans-Sahara Trade Route
• Caravans of camels were loaded with trade goods.
  (spices from India, iron tools and weapons from
  Kush)
• The day the first caravan of camels headed west
  into the Sahara Desert was the day that marked
  the opening of the Trans-Sahara Trade Route.

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Timbuktu

• Where
• What
• How
• Whom

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Mansa Musa

• Create a Bio Board of Mansa Musa based on the
  reading provided.
• Must include a picture
• Must include important facts and dates

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Trading States Quiz

• What was the downfall to the Kingdom of Kush?
  Explain how that caused their downfall.
• What benefits were there to the trade between
  African states?
• Explain the Trans-Sahara Trade Route and its
  importance.
• Describe what Mansa Musa did for Africa.
• Explain why Timbuktu saved Northern Africa from
  the Europeans.

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What do we know about slavery

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Questions to Ponder

• Captive Africans resisted slavery from the moment
  they were first captured through their arrival
  and existence on plantations in the New World.
  Describe some of the ways they resisted. What
  does mutiny mean? What part did mutinies play
  in the slave trade?
• How were slaves treated in the markets once they
  arrived in the New World ? What do you suppose
  was the most humiliating aspect of being sold as
  a slave?
• What did these captive Africans bring to the New
  World? How did they help build the economy of
  America?

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Questions to ponder

• How did African leaders work with European
  slave-traders? What did the Europeans have that
  the African leaders wanted? What role did
  technology play ? How did this effect the balance
  of power in the interior of Africa?
• One historian says that the most significant
  impact of the slave trade was the psychological
  impact. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why
  not?

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Slave Trade
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The Journey

• From the 1400s to 1800s, approximately 20 million
  people were kidnapped from interior areas of
  Africa and made to walk hundreds of miles to the
  coast.
• Those who survived the grueling hike -- only
  about half -- then boarded ships that would take
  as long as four months to sail the Atlantic Ocean
  and deposit them as slaves in North America,
  South America or the Caribbean.

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Why the Middle Passage?
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3
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Effects of the Slave Trade

• European Presence in Africa leading to their
  eventual overtaking/colonization of Africa.
• African culture is changed at home and its
  perception in the world is changed.
• Trade Routes are changed and the distribution of
  wealth is changed.
• Destruction of the Western Coast deforestation

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What is Imperialism?

• The domination of a country by another country
• Political, Economic, and Cultural life is changed
  and controlled

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How did it begin?

• The slave trade brought Europeans into Africa
• David Livingstone proved Africa to be a place for
  more than just slaves gold, diamonds, natural
  resources, etc.
• King Leopold II of Belgium started imperialism
• Scramble for Africa European Countries race
  to colonize Africa

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How did it begin?

• Explorers such as David Livingstone, John Speke,
  Richard Burton, and Henry Stanley explored and
  claimed the land for their mother country
• Europeans had technological superiority THE
  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Guns allowed Europe to conquer Africa from 1880
  to 1890

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Motives of Europe 3 Gs

• 1 Need for raw materials and a market for
  goods Industrial Revolution
• 2 Nationalism (feelings of national pride)
  sparked desire for an empire and to boost their
  place in the world
• 3 Power and Prestige
• 4 White Mans Burden to spread Christianity
  to the natives

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Mad Scramble

• 1870s is when the scramble begins
• Gold discovered by Cecil Rhodes in Johannesburg
  (S. Africa)
• Europeans divide the continent amongst themselves

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The Scramble for Africa

• Which European nation controlled much of West
  Africa?
• In what period did southern Africa come under
  European rule?
• Which conclusion is accurate based on the
  information in the map?
• In 1900, only two nations in Africa remained
  independent.
• Germany and France controlled most of East
  Africa.
• The first colony seized by Britain was Uganda.
• The stiffest resistance to European rule occurred
  in North Africa.

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Berlin Conference (1884-85)

• African Resistance to European Dominance
• Ethiopia and Liberia remained free for now
• Colonial regions we set up
• Great Britain and France largest Africa empires
• Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Germany got some
  control
• Tribal chiefs signed treatise relinquishing
  control of people and land did not understand
  what was being done to them

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The Struggle for South Africa

• Three groups of people engage in a struggle
  local African groups, Dutch settlers known as
  Boers, and the British
• The Zulus (native African group) were expanding
  south and the Boers were expanding north
  conflict ensues for years
• The British step in and the Zulus were defeated
  eventually take over South Africa and setup their
  own government which only allowed white people
  the vote eventually the Boers controlled the
  government

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How the Colonies were ruled

• Directly colonial power controlled the
  government at every level
• French
• Belgian
• Portuguese
• Indirectly left tradition rulers in place.
  Officials made decisions, local rulers were
  expected to enforce them
• Great Britain

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Effects of European RuleNew political and
economic systems

• Discussion and consensus (Africa) vs. principles
  of right and wrong (Europe)
• Money economy is introduced to Africans
• Europeans required payment of taxes in money
  rather than goods
• Encouraged individual ownership of land

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How Imperialism Changed Africa

1. Downgraded traditional African culture and
   weakened family/tribal ties
2. Led to forced labor and abuses of human rights
3. Created artificial boundaries that cut across
   historical, ethnic, and cultural boundaries
4. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

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How Imperialism Changed Africa

1. Expanded transportation and communication
   opened remote areas
2. Increased agricultural production with new seeds
   and fertilization (Green Revolution)
3. Created new educational and career opportunities
4. Population explosion

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How Imperialism Changed Africa

1. Increased production of cash crops need in Europe
   (Africa became more dependent on importing food)
2. Exploited natural resources (minerals, lumber,
   rubber)
3. By the mid 1960s most of Africa broke away and
   was independent

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Imperialism Quiz

• 1 List three effects of Imperialism on Africa
• 2 Name three European countries that controlled
  Africa
• 3 Explain why Africa was ripe for the taking
• 4 Explain what the Berlin Conference was and
  did
• 5 What was the lasting effect of imperialism
  that is still being felt today

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Independence

• Journal Entry 3
• You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1
  year and then the annual competition between the
  seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to
  the seniors in the war and help them win the
  competition. When the competition is over you
  ask for some repayment of your services in the
  form of freedom. Some of the seniors give you
  some freedom and some refuse to hear your
  requests.
• One freshmen versus the whole senior class will
  not work. What are your options, tools to resist
  and what are your reactions?

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African Independence

• WWII breaks (1939-1945) out and European powers
  ask African colonies to supply men for the war
• After the War Africans do not want to suffer
  under European rule any longer
• After WWII Africans - Scramble for Independence
• Africa was very weak and needed strength in order
  to push the Europeans back to Europe

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Effects of European Rule

• Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy
• Were not trained in how to run a government, just
  told what to do
• Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and
  dependent upon it
• Borders that were drawn by Europeans grouped
  ethnic rivals together and separated ethnic
  groups that were similar disunity

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Africa for Africans

• Unity before Independence
• Negritude Movement and Pan-Africanism develop
• Negritude Movement celebrate African culture,
  heritage, and values through the arts
• Pan-Africanism unity of all Africans
• Nationalism

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Independence?

• Without European guidance could Africa survive
  in the world and could it progress with the world?

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles

• Ghana (British) (Gold Coast former name)
• Kwame Nkrumah
• Nonviolent Independence movements
• 1957 independence gained
• Strong Start
• Gold, cocoa, diamonds
• 1966 Nkrumah ousted
• Since 1981 military rule/dictator

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles

• Kenya (British)
• Jomo Kenyatta united the
• many different ethnic groups
• Mau Mau
• 1963 Independence
• Kenyatta President
• University students
• 1990s
• Mois

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles

• Congo
• 1960 by Belgium
• Weak and unprepared
• Mobutu Sese Seko
• Wastes and steals
• money and resources
• Laurent Kabilia

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles

• Algeria (French)
• Violent means to bring about freedom
• 1962 France gave independence
• Government tried to modernize and industrialize
• Islamic
• Civil War

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles

• Angola (Portugal)
• 1975
• Couldnt afford
• Not prepared
• Rebel groups
• Soviet Union and Cuba
• USA
• NO strong government

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Independence Quiz

• 1 Explain the two means that African used to
  seek independence
• 2 What country was the first to receive
  independence from Europe
• 3 Explain how Europe turned Africans against
  Africans in the fight for Independence
• 4 What decade saw the most independent African
  countries
• 5 Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do

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Origins of Apartheid

• 1910 South Africa free
• But ruled by a white minority until 1994
• 1948 Nationalist party takes power in Africa
• Dutch Settlers
• Strong belief in white superiority
• Set up a system of rigid race separation
  (apartheid)

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Logistics of Apartheid

• Categories
• White
• Black
• Coloured (mixed race)
• Asian
• Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain
  areas to live and work - infertile
• Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed each
  group to develop its own culture

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Logistics of Apartheid

• Pass system All blacks living in town had to
  carry to control their movement
• Black schools, buses, restaurants, etc.

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Struggle Against

• Leaders of Nonviolence approach Albert Luthuli,
  Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mendela, African
  National Congress
• Protests, demonstrations, rallies
• Government used violent means
• Sharpeville Massacre
• World Responds UN, USA, Olympics
• Embargos, banned, sanctions

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The End

• Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted
• 1989 President F.W. de Klerk
• 1990 New Constitution
• 1994 new elections
• Mandela President, 1994

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Effects of Apartheid

• People from rural areas are looking for work
  high birthrate
• People cannot afford to eat a balanced diet
• Smog from cars smoke from coal and wood fires
• Floods rainforest deforestation
• Unemployment chronic illness
• Poor sanitation lack of affordable healthcare

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Africa Today Summit

• Recovery
• Urbanization and Modernization
• Continent Unity
• International Ties

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Africas Challanges

• AIDS Epidemic
• Famine
• Status of Women
• Debt
• Civil War
• Genocide