Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

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Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

• Chapter 13

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TRAINING

• Historical Perspective
• Prior to turn of the 20th Century training for
  police was generally not done. Officers were
  given a gun and badge and worked the street with
  a tenured officer
• First police training programs were set up around
  1915

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Recruit Training Today

• On average police recruits today are required to
  complete 760 hours of classroom training and 180
  hours of field training.

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Virginia Recruit Training

• Prince William County Criminal Justice Academy
  932 hours of training. Provides training for
  Prince William County Police and Sheriff and
  Dumfries Town Police

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• Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Academy 776
  hours of basic training. Provides training for
• Arlington County Police and Sheriff
• George Mason University
• Loudoun County Sheriff
• Alexandria City Police and Sheriff
• Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police
• Fairfax City Police
• Northern Virginia Community College Police
• Falls Church Police
• Leesburg Police
• Middleburg PolicePurcellville Police
• Manassas City Police
• Manassas Park Police

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• Fairfax Count Criminal Justice Academy
• Provides training for Fairfax County Police and
  Sheriff, the Herndon Town Police Department and
  the Vienna Town Police

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• Basic training generally takes place after the
  officer is hired. In some states they allow
  civilians to attend a pre service academy and
  then apply for a police position. This helps
  the localities save money.
• Virginia requires all academy faculty to be
  trained and certified as instructors

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• In Virginia, the individual is hired and goes
  through the academy and is sworn in as a police
  officer upon graduation from the academy.

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• In Florida, the college system is set up so the
  individual gets the law enforcement certification
  upon successful completion of a college program
  at the community college level and pass a
  certification test.
• Upon certification the individual will seek

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Field Training for Police Officers

• Recruit is pared with a field training officer
  (FTO) for a period of time
• FTO does daily and weekly evaluations
• It is important for departments to have a formal
  field training program

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Field Training

• Chief Executives should view field training as a
  normal part of the process
• Administrative control should be in the patrol
  division
• Programs should have written policies and clear
  guidelines
• Use standard evaluations for all and be
  evaluations should be given every day
• FTOs should be trained in how to train
• FTOs should be compensated
• Field training programs should be evaluated
  annually

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• Police managers have to be confident that
  officers know how to do their jobs, make split
  second decisions, and carry out the mission of
  the department

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Common Deficiencies in Training Programs

• Program Content Does not fully cover all the
  aspects of being a police officer
• Quality Instructors Many are not trained on how
  to be an instructor
• Poor facilities and equipment
• Lack of formal field-training program
• Outdated teaching methods
• Allowing untrained officers to perform police
  duties
• Field training deficiencies
• Teaching methods

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Historical Recommendations

• In 1973 the National Advisory Commission on
  Criminal Justice Standards published curriculum
  recommendations for police training.
• Intro to the criminal justice system 8
• Law 10
• Human values and problems 22
• Patrol and investigation procedures 33
• Police proficiency 18
• Administration 9

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• Commission also recommended departments have
  in-service training programs for up to 40 hours
  per year
• This is mandated in Virginia

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Training Curriculum at Present

• Nationally most programs can be divided into the
  following areas
• Administrative procedures
• Administration of justice
• Basic law
• Police procedures
• Police proficiency
• Community relations

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• Performance Outcomes, Training Objectives,
  Criteria mandated by the state of Virginia are
• Legal issues
• Communication
• Patrol
• Investigations
• Defensive tactics/use of force
• Weapons Use
• Driver training
• Physical training
• Field training

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Terrorism and Emergency Management

• As a result of 9/11, police departments recognize
  the need for training in terrorism and emergency
  management

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Training in Terrorism and Emergency Management

• Terrorist group identification
• Intelligence gathering and reporting
• Community threat analysis
• Response to incidents involving weapons of mass
  destruction (WMD)
• Ethical issues related to post 9/11 policing
• Security of critical facilities
• Legal issues related to counter terrorism
• Document fraud
• Traumatic stress caused by WMD incidents

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AIDS and Blood-borne Pathogens

• Because police can come in contact with blood and
  other body fluids, agencies need control plans to
  limit direct exposure and to administer vaccine
  for hepatitis B to affected employees.

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Domestic Violence

• In the 1990s many departments and states changed
  regulations/laws regarding police response to
  incidents of domestic violence. The laws require
  police to make an arrest.
• Police training on this issue increased to
  include protecting the officer from injury,
  listening skills, domestic violence report
  writing, and arrest procedures.

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Use of Force and Deadly Force

• Key to this training is scenario and simulation
  training. This training can include role
  playing, case study review, and computer
  generated training.

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Less Lethal Training

• Less lethal weapons include a wide range of
  devices that will in most case not cause
  immediate death if used properly. Purpose is to
  cause pain and create compliance of a combative
  subject.

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Cultural Diversity Training

• Defined as having empathy toward other cultures
  and ways of life in order to explain why people
  feel the way they do. Cultural diversity
  training prepares officers to deal with various
  ethnic communities

Virginia mandates that all sworn officers receive
cultural diversity training at least once every
24 months.
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Hate Crimes

• Hate crimes or bias crimes is defined as offenses
  motivated by hatred based on his or her race,
  religion, sexual orientation, handicap or
  national origin.

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Virginia Hate Crime Law

• Va Code
• 52-8.5. Reporting hate crimes.
• A. The Superintendent shall establish and
  maintain within the Department of State Police a
  central repository for the collection and
  analysis of information regarding hate crimes and
  groups and individuals carrying out such acts.
• B. State, county and municipal law-enforcement
  agencies shall report to the Department all hate
  crimes occurring in their jurisdictions in a
  form, time and manner prescribed by the
  Superintendent. Such reports shall not be open to
  public inspection except insofar as the
  Superintendent shall permit

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• C. For purposes of this section, "hate crime"
  means (i) a criminal act committed against a
  person or his property with the specific intent
  of instilling fear or intimidation in the
  individual against whom the act is perpetrated
  because of race, religion or ethnic origin or
  that is committed for the purpose of restraining
  that person from exercising his rights under the
  Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth or of
  the United States, (ii) any illegal act directed
  against any persons or their property because of
  those persons' race, religion or national origin,
  and (iii) all other incidents, as determined by
  law-enforcement authorities, intended to
  intimidate or harass any individual or group
  because of race, religion or national origin.
• Note-Va. Hate Crime law does not include sexual
  orientation

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Specialist Training

• Officers assigned to specialized units such as
  investigations, vice, accident investigations and
  sex crimes, should have specialized training in
  their areas of responsibility.

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Supervisory Training

• Officers promoted to sergeant enter into the
  supervisory training phase. As soon as practical
  they should be enrolled in a supervisory
  development course.
• If it is known that an officer will be promoted
  in the coming months, he/she should receive
  supervisory training prior to being promoted.

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First Line Supervisor Training Topics

• Role of supervisor and leadership skills
• Wellness program
• Supervisor communications
• Civil Liability
• Evaluation, counseling and discipline
• Intermediate law
• Crime Prevention and community relations
• Stress Management
• Critical Incident Management
• Personnel Issues
• Use of deadly force
• Report review
• Supervisor as a trainer

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Management Training

• Once promoted to the management ranks, the
  individual should attend senior management
  training. There are a variety of programs around
  the United States. These programs are college
  level studies, some which offer Master Degree
  credits. They range from three months in length
  to a few weeks.

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Senior Management Training

• FBI National Academy
• Southern Police Institute
• Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute
• Senior Management Institute for Police
• Senior Executive Leadership Forum

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Civil Liability

• Civil Liability exist in the failure to train
  police officers or training in a negligent
  fashion.