MORPHOLOGY

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• MORPHOLOGY

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Morphology

• The study of internal structure of words, and of
  the rules by which words are formed

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Morphology the word of language

• Important part of our linguistic knowledge

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Word

• A unit of expression which has universal
  intuitive recognition by native speaker, in both
  spoken and written language
• 
  (Crystal)
• The smallest of linguistic unit which can occur
  on its own in speech or writing
• (Richard
  Schmidt)

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Conti.

• A unit of meaning
• (Finch)
• A minimal free form
• (Bloomfield)

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Content words

• Noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
• Denote concept such as objects, action,
  attributes and ideas
• Open class words

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Function words

• Grammatical function
• Conjunctions, preposition, articles, pronouns,
• Articles indicate definite or indefinite noun
• Preposition indicate relationship or possession
• Closed-class

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Morpheme

• the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
  function.
• The minimal grammatical linguistic unit- is thus
  an arbitrary union of a sound and meaning that
  cannot be further analysed.
• Every word in every language is composed of one
  or more morphemes.

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• boy  (one syllable)
•  desire, lady,
• boy ish
• desire able
• boy ish ness
•  desire able ity
• gentle man li ness
•  un desire able ity un gentle man
  liness anti dis establish mentari an
  ism
•  

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• 
  lexical (child, teach)
• free
  functional (and, the)
• Morphemes
• bound
  inflectional (re,ness)
• 
  
• 
  derivational (s, -ed)

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Bound Morphemes

• Cannot normally stand alone or typically attached
  to another form
• All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English

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Prefix

• Bound morphemes which occur only before other
  morphemes. Examples un- (uncover, undo) dis-
  (displeased, disconnect), pre- (predetermine,
  prejudge)

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Suffixes

• Bound morphemes which occur  following other
  morphemes. Examples -er (singer, performer)
  -ist (typist, pianist) -ly (manly, friendly)

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Infixes

• Bound morphemes which are inserted  into other
  morphemes. Example             fikas "strong" 
             fumikas "to be strong" 
                (Bontoc Language)

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Free Morphemes

• Can stand by themselves as a single word
  Example    girl, system, desire, hope, act,
  phone, happy..  
• Set of separate English word form such as basic
  noun, adjectives, verbs, etc.

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Rules of word formation

• Knowledge of individual morphemes, their
  pronunciation and their meaning and the knowledge
  of the rules for combining morphemes into complex
  words.
• Vify?verb
• Vify?
• ifyication?noun

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• The form that result from addition of a
  derivational morpheme is called a derived word

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Derivational Morphology

• Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being
  attached to root morphemes or stems
• They can be both suffixes and prefixes in 
  English. Examples    beautiful, exactly,
  unhappy, impossible, recover
• Change of Meaning  Examples undo (the opposite
  meaning of do) singer ( deriving a new word
  with the meaning of a person who sings). 

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The Hierarchical Structure of Words

• A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It
  has an internal structure.
• Hierarchical structure is an essential property
  of human language.

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Word Coinage

• Invention of totally new terms
• Words are used usually without capital letters
  e.g,Kleenex, Xerox, etc

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Compound

• Joining of two words together to form third
• Involves two nouns (frequently)
• Bookcasebookcase
• Wallpaperwallpaper
• Lambswoollambswool

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Acronyms

• Words derived from the initial s of several words

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• Random Access Memory
• Video Cassette Recorder

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Some Commonly Used Acronyms

• CD
• Radar
• Laser
• ATM
• PIN
• GB

• Compact Disk
• Radio Detecting and Ranging
• Light amplification by stimulated emission of
  radiation
• Automatic teller machine
• Personal identification number
• Giga Byte

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Back-formation

• Specified reduction process
• Word of one type is reduced to form a word of
  another type (usually N ? V)

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Continued.

• Television Televise
• Donation...Donate
• Emotion Emote
• Editor ... Edit

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Clipping

• Abbreviation of longer words may become
  lexicalised

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Blends
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Smog
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Motel
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Broast
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Brunch
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Grammatical Morphemes

• Have not any clear lexical meaning
• have only clear sense in a sentence , e.g. to
  , it and etc

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Inflectional Morphemes

• Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical
  information such as number (plural), tense,
  possession and so on. They are thus often called
  bound grammatical morphemes 
• They are only found in suffixes in  English. 
  Examples  boys,  Marys , walked 

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Inflectional Morphemes

• Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical
  information such as number (plural), tense,
  possession and so on. They are thus often called
  bound grammatical morphemes 
• They are only found in suffixes in  English. 
  Examples  boys,  Marys , walked 

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Conti.

• No change of Meaning  Examples       walk vs.
  walks                          toy vs. toys 
• Never change the syntactic category of the words
  or morpheme to they which they are attached.
• They are always attached to completed words
  Examples          walk vs. walked or walks (V--gt
  V) 

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Conti.

• In English, inflectional morphemes typically
  follow derivational morphemes
•  Examplesunlikelihood,  unlikelihoods   (not 
  unlikeslihood)

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English Inflectional Morphemes

• -s     third person singular present             
  
• She waits at home.
• -ed   past tense 
• She waited at home.
• -ing  progressive                                 
      
• She is eating the donut.
• -en   past participle                             
      
• Mary has eaten the donuts.

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• -s     plural                                     
           
• She ate the donuts.
• -s    possessive                 
•           Disa's hair is short.
• -er    comparative                  
•              Disa has shorter hair than Karin.
• -est  superlative                                 
       
• Disa has the shortest hair.

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Morph

• Phonological realization of a morpheme
• Allomorphs and variants
• The appearance of one morph over another

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Morphological analysis

• Speaker of a language have the knowledge to
  perceive the component morphemes and
  morphological rules for their combination