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The Romantic Period

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Title: The Romantic Period


1
The Romantic Period
  • Introduction
  • Romantic Poets
  • William Wordsworth
  • S.T. Coleridge
  • G.G. Byron
  • P.B. Shelley
  • John Keats

2
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3
Introduction
  • Romanticism as a literary movement came into
    being in England early in the latter half of the
    18th century.
  • English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the
    publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges The
    Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter
    Scotts death.
  • The eighteenth century was distinctively an age
    of prose. The Age of Wordsworthlike the Age of
    Shakespearewas decidedly an age of poetry.

4
  • English Romanticism is a revolt of the English
    imagination against the neoclassical reason. The
    French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English
    Industrial Revolution exert great influence on
    English Romanticism. The romanticists express a
    negative attitude towards the existing social or
    political conditions.
  • They place the individual at the center of art,
    as can be seen from Lord Byrons Byronic Hero.
    The key words of English Romanticism are nature
    and imagination. English Romantic tend to be
    nationalistic, defending the greatest English
    writers. They argue that poetry should be free
    from all rules.

5
Lake poets
  • William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert
    Southey were known as Lake Poets because they
    lived and knew one another in the last few years
    of the 18th century in the district of the great
    lakes in Northwestern England. They were friends
    and traversed the same path in politics and
    poetry.
  • The former two published The Lyrical Ballads
    together in 1798, while all three of them had
    radical inclinations in their youth but later
    turned conservative and received pensions and
    poet laureateships from the aristocracy.

6
  • Other greatest Romantic poets are George Gordon
    Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats.
  • Karl Marx likes Byron and Shelley very much. MU
    Dan(??/???),a renowned Chinese poet and
    translator , did splendid work to popularize
    Byron and Shelley in China.
  • Years ago, Wordsworth and Coleridge were labeled
    negative/passive romantic poets while Byron and
    Shelley were hailed as positive/active
    (revolutionary) Romantic poets. Wordsworth and
    Coleridges literary achievements were
    underestimated for a long time.

7
Passive and Active / Revolutionary Romantic Poets
  • Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to
    the development of capitalism. They split into
    two groups.
  • Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of
    those classes which had been ruined by the
    bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets,
    represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
  • Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring
    classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic
    poets, represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.

8
English fiction gropes/explores its way amidst
the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its
popularity in the hands of Jane Austen Walter
Scott. Walter Scott is noted for his historical
novel based on Scottish history and legends. He
exerted great influence on European literature of
his time. Jane Austen is the first and foremost
English women novelist. Following the
neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the
description of uneventful /common everyday life.
9
Characteristics of Romanticism
  • Romanticism is a literary trend prevailing in
    England during the period 1798-1832. Coming along
    with the French Revolution and the Industrial
    Revolution, the English Romanticism, compared
    with the neo-classicism which emphasized what men
    have in common, focuses mainly on the special
    qualities of individuals mind. So its features
    run in contrary with the Neoclassism
  • Firstly, the Romanticism tended to probe into the
    inner world of the human spirit rather narrate
    daily happenings of the human world
  • Secondly, they liked to employ rural scenery,
    legendary and mythological resources and stories
    of ancient times to create their artistic
    reality, and favored figures from the country and
    Orientals which they took to be part of the
    innocent and pure Nature they sought for

10
  • Thirdly, the Romantic Age was one of poetry,
    producing a number of great poets such as
    Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Byron and Keats.
    Thus, imagination was emphasized as the greatest
    resource of literary creation, and freedom from
    all rules became the rule of poetical writing.
  • Finally, the focus of the everyday life of human
    beings in the Age brought about the flourishing
    of familiar essay, e.g. those written by Charles
    Lamb, and the fiction about family life such as
    in the novels written by Jane Austen and its
    romantic longings led to the popularity of Gothic
    fiction with violence, horror and the
    supernatural, and the historical novels of Sir
    Walter Scott.

11
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings.
---William Wordsworth
12
Biographical Introduction
  • William Wordsworth, the representative poet of
    the early romanticism, was born on 7 April 1770
    in a lawyers family in Cockermouth.
  • His father John was estate agent to Sir James
    ,who owned the house.
  • The garden at the back, with the River Derwent
    flowing past, was a place of magic and adventure
    for the young William.
  • William has an elder brother Richard, a younger
    sister Dorothy and two younger brothers John and
    Christopher.

13
Cockermouth on the River Derwent, in the heart of
the Lake District
14
  • His childhood was spent largely in Cockermouth
    and Penrith, his mother's hometown. William and
    Dorothy and his future wife Mary attended infant
    school in Penrith between 1776 and 1777.
  • William's mother died when he was 8. At the age
    of 13 his father died, The orphan was taken in
    charge by relatives who sent him to school at
    Hawkshead in the beautiful lake district in
    Northwestern England .Here, the unroofed school
    of nature attracted him more than the classroom,
    and he learned more eagerly from flowers and
    hills and stars than from his books. So the
    child early cherished a love of nature, which he
    later expressed in his poetry.

15
The Old Grammar School in Hawkshead
16
  • He then went to St John's College of Cambridge,
    where he was not a notable student, but
    inevitably matured in thought and sophistication.
  • From 1779 until 1787 William attended the Grammar
    school in Hawkshead with his brothers. At
    Hawkshead William thrived - receiving
    encouragement from the headmaster to read and
    write poetry. During these years he made many
    visits to the countryside, gaining inspiration as
    the powers of nature exercised their influence.

17
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19
  • In 1795 he received a bequest and stayed in a
    cottage in Dorset, where they met Coleridge and
    Southey. In the years ahead a close relationship
    developed between William, Dorothy and Coleridge.
    Then William and Coleridge undertook a tour to
    the Lake District, devoting their time to writing
    poetry. By 1830,he was widely recognized for his
    poetry talent.
  • He became a Tory and upheld the reactionary
    policy of the British government. In 1843,he was
    made Poet Laureate.
  • In 1850 William caught a cold on a country walk,
    and he died on 23 April, 80 years after his
    birth. He and Mary who died 9 years later have a
    simple tombstone in the churchyard in Grasmere,
    now one of the most visited literary shrines ??
    in the world. William Wordsworth wrote some
    70,000 lines of verse, 40,000 lines more than any
    other poet.

20
Wordsworth is buried with his family in Grasmere
?????churchyard.
21
Wordsworth House and the Wordsworth Memorial
22
Major Works
  • An Evening Walk (1793)
  • Lyrical Ballads (1798)
  • Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
    ?????(1798)
  • Lucy Poems ????(1799)
  • The Solitary Reaper ??????(1805)
  • Ode Intimations of Immortality???(1807)
  • Ode to Duty (1807)
  • The Excursion (1814)
  • The Prelude,???????(1850)??

23
Wordsworths greatest contribution to English
literature is his poems and his Preface to The
Lyrical Ballads. Though The Lyrical Ballads is
known as the collaborated work of Wordsworth and
Coleridge, all the poems but one (The Rime of The
Ancient Mariner) are written by Wordsworth. Most
of his most quoted poem are taken from this
collection.
24
Preface to Lyrical Ballads
  • Wordsworths Preface (1800) to Lyrical Ballads is
    the manifesto of English Romanticism. It is one
    of the revolutionary works of criticism, helping
    usher in the Romantic Age in literature (Dutton,
    198450).
  • He is primarily concerned to justify the kinds of
    his poems which he had contributed to Lyrical
    Ballads.

25
What Wordsworth says in the Preface to the
Lyrical Ballads
  • All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
    powerful feeling.
  • Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected
    in tranquility.
  • The function of poetry lies in its power to give
    an unexpected splendour to incidents and
    situations from common life.
  • Wordsworth endeavoured to bring (his) language
    near to the real language of men, by fitting to
    metrical arrangement a selection of the real
    language of men.

26
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
by William Wordsworth
Listen
27
  • Wordsworth wrote a number of poems about someone
    called Lucy. It seems likely that Lucy is an
    entirely imaginative creation and is not based on
    a real person, although Coleridge came to the
    conclusion that she may be linked with Dorothy.
    He wrote, 'Most probably in some gloomier moment
    he fancied the moment in which his sister might
    die.'
  • The story-line is strikingly simple. Lucy lives
    an isolated life, her beauty largely unnoticed.
    She dies. Her death is seen through the eyes of
    the one person who appears to have loved her,
    although who he is remains a mystery. Much of
    Wordsworth's poetry explores what he calls the
    'essential passions of the heart' it is
    concerned with love and emotion, but not wit
    physical or sexual passion. His description of
    Lucy, for instance, implies a fragility, purity
    and innocence - it is even unclear whether, as a
    'Maid', she is an adult.
  • Lucy has more in common with nature than with
    human life. She is represented in terms of
    flowers - 'roses and 'violet' . Like a wild
    flower, which blooms where no-one can see it, her
    life is obscure and fleeting.Typical of many
    characters in Wordsworth's poetry, Lucy has a
    solitary existence, with little human contact.
    The image of the star emphasizes this, as nothing
    can be more solitary than one star in the whole
    sky.

28
First version
  • My hope was one, from cities far,Nursed on a
    lonesome hearthHer lips were red as roses
    are,Her hair a woodbine wreath.She lived among
    the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove,
    A maid whom there were none to praiseAnd very
    few to loveA violet by a mossy stone Half
    hidden from the eye! Fair as a star, when only
    one Is shining in the sky!And she was graceful
    as the brromThat flowers by Carron's sideBut
    slow distemper checked her bloomAnd on the Heath
    she died.Long time before her head lay low
    Dead to the world was she But now she'sin her
    grave, and Oh!The difference to me!

29
Second version
  • She dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the
    springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to
    praise And very few to love.A Violet by a
    mossy stone Half-hidden from the Eye! ---Fair,
    as a star, when only one Is shining in the
    sky!She lived unknown, and few could know When
    Lucy ceased to be But she is in her Grave, and,
    Oh! The difference to me!

30
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
never be stepped on
live
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
??????????,
? water
Beside the springs of Dove,
???????,
31
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A Maid whom there were none to praise
?????????,
And very few to love
???????????
32
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A violet by a mossy stone
???????,
Half hidden from the eye!
???????!
33
  • A violet can be a symbol of innocence, modesty or
    mourning. It has stood for modesty and humility
    in that it grows so close to the ground and its
    blooms can be found under the leaves. Like those
    "blooms" of Lucy, the blooms of the violet cannot
    be seen easily. One must look closely to discover
    the true beauty.
  • In Greek mythology, Zeus fell in love with a
    nymph named Io, who spent her days in fields of
    violets. Zeus turned her into a white heifer to
    protect her from his wife but left her to roam
    around in violets. Greeks revered the violets.

34
  • In the Middle Ages, it became a symbol of
    faithfulness and crowns of violet were made for
    the winners of courtly poetry contests. And still
    it is said that violets were white until Mary
    watched her only son suffer on the cross, then
    they turned purple in mourning. The poem is also
    one of mourning and demonstration of Lucy's
    faithfulness and modesty. A violet is sometimes
    used in Chinese lore to signify harmony of the
    universe. That could certainly be Wordsworth's
    intent here as well.

35
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
Fair as a star, when only one
?????????
Is shining in the sky.
???????????
36
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
She lived unknown, and few could know
???,????,
When Lucy ceased to be
died
???,?????
37
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
????????,
The difference to me!
??,????!
(????)
38
??????????---?????? ????
??????????, ??????????, ?????????, ??????????
?????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????
???????????, ?????????? ????????, ???????????
39
abab, cdcd, efef
The rhyme scheme is ________________.
  • There are 2 images in the poem. One is the
    __________________, the other ____________________
    _____.
  • Lucys beauty is ________ to the world.
  • Lucys personality is cherished by ____.
  • A. many B. few

half-hidden violet
one star shining in the sky
unknown
40
Analysis of the poem
  • This poem is about one girl with two different
    sides. The one of the violet is the side that the
    outside world see her as if they did not always
    turn their heads. The other is a star which seems
    to exist for the writer to give the girl out of
    place or unexpected complements such as "fair"
    and "shinning." On lines seven and eight it is
    indicated that she is the only one in in her
    lover's eyes with no rivals.
  • The two symbols seem to balance themselves out.
    The violet which gives a very modest, shy feeling
    through the use of words such as "half hidden"
    and "unknown." At the same time in her lover's
    eyes she is the single star, dominating his
    world, not haughtily as the sun but more sweet
    and modest, like a star. At the end of the poem
    it is discovered that the woman had passed away
    but because the world never takes the time to
    notice her, its life is not affected. There is a
    significant shift right before the last line of
    the poem. It is here that emotion is first
    expressed by the writer. The long "oh" carries
    all of the emotion of the poem, only at this
    point the emotion is grief.

41
Theme
  • In these short stanzas, the poet tells of his
    admiration and singular devotion to Lucy and his
    utter despair over her death.

Rhetoric Devices
Simile Metaphor Personification Euphemism Assonanc
e Contrast Repetition
42
? ? ?.??????????
  • ? ? ? ??? ???????,???,????
    ????,?????? ???????,???,????
    ???????,???,???? ????,??????
    ???????,???,????

43
  •  ?????????(??1075?)??,?????????????,??????,????,??
    ????????????????????,????????????
  • ??????,?????????????,??????????????????????????,
    ??????,???????????????????,??????,??????
  •  ?????????????,????????????????????????????,??????
    ?????????????????,???,???????????,??????????????
    ????????????,?????????? ???????????????????????,??
    ???????,??????????????????????????????????????????
    ??,?????????????????

44
Major Features of Wordsworths Poetry
  • A constant theme of Wordsworth's poetry was the
    growth of the human spirit through the natural
    environment
  • He skillfully combined natural description with
    expressions of inward states of mind.
  • His poems are characterized by sympathy with the
    poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of
    nature.

45
  • They have been much admired for their perfect
    simplicity, vivid imagery, directness of
    language, and unadorned beauty. His deliberate
    simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of
    experience produced a kind of pure and profound
    poetry that no other poet has ever equaled.
    "Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all
    knowledge it is the impassioned expression which
    is in the countenance???, ??? of all Science."
    (from Lyrical Ballads, 2nd ed., 1800)
  • Because of his wonderful description of nature,
    he is often called the "Nature Poet".

46
The art of Wordsworths poetry
  • His theory, as stated in his Preface to the
    second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves
    as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the
    direct experience of the senses as the source of
    poetic truth as poetry comes from the emotion
    recollected in tranquility. The significance of
    the Preface also presents itself in the poets
    advocation of the writing of the common people in
    ordinary language
  • His practice is what his theory implies, for the
    joys and sorrows of the common people are his
    themes, in many of his poems such as the Lucy
    poems

47
  • Natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts
    also as one of his favorite themes and the
    sympathy out of the poets nature towards the
    poor in rural places becomes part of his concern
  • as one of the leading Romantic poets, the inner
    workings of individuals mind remains what
    Wordsworth likes to reveal in his depiction of
    natural scenery, and the spiritual growth of his
    own makes his masterpiece The Prelude.
  • the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in
    diction and description is immersed in a profound
    and sympathetic longing for a better world.

48
Comments
  • Wordsworth is the representative poet of English
    romanticism.
  • Wordsworths poetry is distinguished by the
    simplicity and purity of his language.
  • Wordsworths theory on versification has exerted
    profound influence on later poets. (imaginative
    recreation)
  • He is the leading figure of the English romantic
    poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His
    is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity
    and one that inspires his audience to see the
    world freshly, sympathetically and naturally.
  • The most important contribution he has made is
    that he has not only started the modern poetry,
    the poetry of the growing inner self, but also
    changed the course of English poetry by using
    ordinary speech of the language and by advocating
    a return to nature.

49
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  • ????,????????????"???"?????????????,??,???????,179
    0??1791??????????????????,???????????????????????,
    ????,?????????????????,??,??????"????"????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????,????,??????????
    ?????,???????????????1798???????????????????????
    ???????????????1800???????????????????????????,?
    ????????????????????,???????????????,?????????????
    ??????????,??????????????????,????????????????????
    ?1805?????1850????????????????????????????????17
    97?1807??10????????,?1843?????"????"??????????????
    ?????,?????????,????????????????????

50
Homework I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1807)
  • 1.What does the poem mainly write about?
  • 2.This poem contains four six-lines stanzas. What
    kind of meter is it applied in these stanzas?
  • 3.What is the rime scheme in each stanza?

51
P. B. SHELLEY (1792-1822)
Poetry is the record of the best and happiest
moments of the happiest and best minds.

---Percy Bysshe Shelley
52
Life story
  • Shelley was born into an affluent family at
    Sussex. He got a very good school education,
    first at Eton and then at Oxford.
  • In 1811, while he was still a student at Oxford,
    he wrote a pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism,
    repudiating the existence of God.

53
He was expelled from Oxford for his seditious
pamphlet. Then he eloped with Harriet Westbrook
to Edinburgh. When he returned to London, he
became a disciple of William Godwin, a radical
social philosopher. He fell in love with Godwins
daughter, Mary. Harriets drowning enabled him to
marry Godwins daughter, but left him a bad
reputation as an immoralist. He left England and
went to the Continent.
54
He made friends with Byron while they were in
Geneva, Switzerland. He wrote his best poems
during this period. On July 8, 1822, while he was
sailing in a small boat along the coast of Italy,
a tempest struck his boat and he was drowned. He
was buried in Rome. The inscription on his
tombstone reads Percy Bysshe Shelley, COR
CORDIUM. ( meaning heart of hearts)
55
Upon his untimely death, one of his opponents
writes, Shelley, the writer of some infidel
poetry, has been drowned now he knows whether
there is a God or not. Engels thinks highly of
Shelley and Byron, He writes, Shelley, the
genius, the prophet, Shelley, and Byron, with his
glowing sensuality and his bitter satire upon our
existing society, find most of their readers in
the proletariat.
56
Major Works
  • Ode to the West Wind ???
  • To a Skylark ???
  • The Cloud ?
  • Prometheus Unbound ?????????
  • Queen Mab ????
  • The Masque of Anarchy ?????????
  • The Necessity of Atheism???????
  • A Defense of Poetry??

57
To a Skylark
58
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59
Ode
  • A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written
    in a dignified formal style on some lofty or
    serious subject. Odes are often written for a
    special occasion, to honor a person or a season
    or to commemorate an event.
  • Two famous odes are Percy Bysshe Shellys Ode to
    the West Wind and John Keatss Ode on a Grecian
    Urn.

60
Ode To A Skylark
Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never
wert, That from Heaven, or near it, Pourest thy
full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated
art. -   Higher still and higher From the earth
thou springest Like a cloud of fire The blue
deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar,
and soaring ever singest.  
61
???
  • ???,?????!????????,?????????,????????,???????,
    ??????? ??,??????,????????,????????,???????,
    ???????,??????

62
  • In the golden lightning
  • Of the sunken sun,
  • O'er which clouds are bright'ning,
  • Thou dost float and run
  • Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun.
  • The pale purple even
  • Melts around thy flight
  • Like a star of Heaven,
  • In the broad daylight
  • Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill
    delight,

63
  • ???????,????????,???????,????????,????????????
    ????? ???????????????,???????,??????,???????
    ??????

64
  • Keen as are the arrows
  • Of that silver sphere,
  • Whose intense lamp narrows
  • In the white dawn clear
  • Until we hardly see- we feel that it is there. -
  •  
  • All the earth and air
  • With thy voice is loud,
  • As, when night is bare,
  • From one lonely cloud
  • The moon rains out her beams, and Heaven is
    overflowed.

65
  • ????????,????????,???????,??????,??????,??????
    ???? ???????,????????,????????,???????,?????
    ?,???????

66
  • What thou art we know not
  • What is most like thee?
  • From rainbow clouds there flow not
  • Drops so bright to see
  • As from thy presence showers a rain of melody.
  •  
  • Like a Poet hidden
  • In the light of thought
  • Singing hymns unbidden,
  • Till the world is wrought
  • To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not
  •  

67
  • ????,????,?????????????????????????,??????????
    ??????? ?????,??????????,????????,??????????
    ??????????????

68
  • Like a high-born maiden
  • In a palace-tower,
  • Soothing her love-laden
  • Soul in secret hour
  • With music sweet as love, which overflows her
    bower
  • Like a glow-worm golden
  • In a dell of dew,
  • Scattering unbeholden
  • Its aereal hue
  • Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from
    the view!

69
  • ????????,????????,????????,??????????,????????
    ?,?????? ?????????,????????,???????,????????
    ,
  • ??????????????

70
  • Like a rose embowered
  • In its own green leaves,
  • By warm winds deflowered,
  • Till the scent it gives
  • Makes faint with too much sweet those
    heavy-winged thieves
  •  
  • Sound of vernal showers
  • On the twinkling grass,
  • Rain-awakened flowers,
  • All that ever was
  • Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth
    surpass

71
  • ???????????????,????????,????????????????????
    ???????,???????,???????,?????,??,?????,????
    ????

72
  • Teach us, Sprite or Bird,
  • What sweet thoughts are thine
  • I have never heard
  • Praise of love or wine
  • That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine. -
  •  
  • Chorus Hymeneal,
  • Or triumphal chant,
  • Matched with thine would be all
  • But an empty vaunt,
  • A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden
    want. -
  •  

73
  • ??????,???????????????????????????????????????
    ????? ???????,???????,???????,????????,?????
    ?,????????

74
  • What objects are the fountains
  • Of thy happy strain?
  • What fields, or waves, or mountains?
  • What shapes of sky or plain?
  • What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of
    pain?
  • With thy clear keen joyance
  • Languor cannot be
  • Shadow of annoyance
  • Never came near thee
  • Thou lovest- but ne'er knew love's sad satiety.

75
  • ?????????,????????????????????????????????????
    ??,????????? ?????????????????,??????????????
    ,??,??????????????

76
  • Waking or asleep, Thou of death must deem
    Things more true and deep Than we mortals
    dream, Or how could thy notes flow in such a
    crystal stream? We look before and after, And
    pine for what is not Our sincerest laughter
    With some pain is fraught Our sweetest songs
    are those that tell of saddest thought.

77
  • ???????,???????????????????????,????????,?????
    ?????? ??????,??????????,???????,????????,??
    ????????????????

78
  • Yet if we could scorn Hate, and pride, and fear
    If we were things born Not to shed a tear, I
    know not how thy joy we ever should come near.
    Better than all measures Of delightful sound,
    Better than all treasures That in books are
    found, Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of
    the ground!

79
  • ??,???????????????,??????????????,????,???????
    ??? ??????????????,??????????????,??????????
    ,???????

80
  • Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must
    know, Such harmonious madness From my lips
    would flow The world should listen then, as I am
    listening now!
  • ?????,??????????,????????????????,??????????
    ????? (?? ?)

81
?????
  • ??1820?,????????????????????????,???????????????,?
    ???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,
    ?????????????,????,???????????????????????????????
    ????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????
    ??????????,????,????,????,????????????????????????
    ???????,?????,?????,?????????,???????,??????????
    ???????,???????!

82
Brief Comments
  • Shelley grew up with revolutionary ideas under
    the influence of Hume and Godwin. He held a life
    long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority
    and institutional religion.
  • Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical
    poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his
    hatred towards tyranny.
  • His poems abound with personification, metaphor
    and other figures of speech.
  • Shelley is one of the most important dramatists
    of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement
    in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus
    Unbound.

83
John Keats(1795-1821)
84
Keats life story
  • Keats was born into a stable keepers family. He
    got little school education. He was apprenticed
    to a surgeon though his interest was in poetry.
  • With the aid of Shelley, Keats first collection
    of poems was published in 1817.
  • He was severely criticized by leading literary
    magazines such as Blackwoods Magazine and
    Quarterly Review.
  • Keats contracted consumption (pneumonia) while he
    was taking care of his brother. He died in 1821
    in Rome, Italy. His grave in Rome bears the
    epitaph Here lies one whose name is writ in
    water.
  • Shelley and Byron wrote elegies for his premature
    death.

85
Major Works
  • Long poems
  • Endymion
  • Isabella
  • The Eve of St. Agnes
  • Lamia
  • Hyperion
  • Odes and sonnets
  • Ode to Autumn
  • Ode to a Nightingale
  • Ode on Melancholy
  • Ode on a Grecian Urn
  • Bright Star
  • When I Have Fear
  • The Grasshopper and The Cricket.

86
Ode on a Grecian Urn
87
Comments
  • Keatss poetry is always sensuous, colorful and
    rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of
    his senses.
  • He draws diction, style and imagery from works of
    Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton and Dante. With
    vivid and rich images, he paints poetic pictures
    full of wonderful color.
  • Keats produced a variety of works, including
    epic, lyric and narrative poems. The mythic world
    of the ancient Greece and the English poetry of
    Renaissance period provide Keats with the most
    imaginative resources.
  • Keats poems present us with an everlasting
    poetic beauty. His motto is Beauty is truth,
    truth beauty.

88
My Recommendation
http//www.bartleby.com/145 ??????????? http//lon
gman.awl.com/kennedy/wordsworth/biography.html ???
??????????????? http//www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/
janeinfo.html ?????6?????????????? http//www.jasn
a.org/ ??????????????????????????? Htpp//www.bart
leby.com/139 ???????????? http//www.library.utoro
nto.ca/utel/rp/authors/shelley.html ?????????? htt
p//www.englishhistory.net/keats.html ????????????
??????????????????????????????????????,???????? ht
tp//www.bl.uk/exhibitions/keats ?????????????????
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