Physical Development

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Physical Development

• Growth is rapid
• Requires large amounts of food and sleep

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Physical Development

• Brain is fastest growing organ
• Neural connections form rapidly
• Myelination causes increase in brain mass
• Continues through life but slows down
• Synaptic pruning removes unused networks

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Physical Development

• Brain develops in sequence with other capacities
  as they emerge
• Highly plastic
• Growth spurts occur intermittently from infancy
  to adolescence (and more recently believed
  beyond)
• Heredity and Environmental stimulation contribute
  to growth
• 75 of adult weight by age 2
• Full adult weight by early adulthood

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Physical Development

• Lateralization
• specialization of function within hemispheres
• lessens with age
• Hemispheric preference
• initially indicated by handedness

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Physical Growth

• With age, growth slows and is more consistent.
• Children add about 2 to 3 inches in height and
  about 5 to 7lbs. of weight a year until puberty.
• Growth is the basically the same for both sexes.
• By age 9 this trend can change as girls enter the
  adolescent growth spurt

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Motor Development
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Motor Development

• Gross Motor Development
• control of actions which help a child get around
  in its environment.
• Fine Motor Development
• ability to do things with smaller movements such
  as reaching or grasping.

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Motor Development

• Dynamic Systems Theory
• Mastery of motor skills involves
• Differentiation
• Integration

• Joint product of
• Central Nervous System Development
• Movement capabilities of body
• Goals of the child
• Environmental supports

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Motor Development

• 4 main areas of growth over time
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Agility
• Force

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Contemporary Issues Childhood Obesity

• U.S. 2nd highest rate in world
• Causes
• Changes in food type
• More sedentary lifestyles
• Increased physical, emotional, and social
  problems
• Life long habits formed
• 25 -30 of U.S. adults are considered obese
• (Okinawa) (McDonalds)

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Adolescent Physical Development

• Adolescence transitional period
• Puberty the physical changes allowing sexual
  reproduction

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Sexual Development

• Primary sex characteristics
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Menarche
• Semenarche

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Responses to Development

• Girls are more critical of their appearance and
  more likely to be dissatisfied.
• Boys are more likely to be pleased

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Responses to Development

• Rate of Maturation
• Early maturing males
• Rate higher on measures of adjustment and
  physical attractiveness
• Exhibit more self confidence
• Exhibit more success in social situations

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Responses to Development

• Rate of Maturation
• Early maturing females
• Often less socially accepted
• Often more stress with family
• Report more symptoms of depression and anxiety

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Responses to Development

• Anorexia Bulimia
• Anorexia is a disorder marked by a persistent
  refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being
  overweight.
• Have distorted body image.
• As many as 15 of adolescents with anorexia die.
• Bulimia consists of binge eating and purging by
  vomiting or with laxatives.
• Both often begins during the middle school years.
• 3 of 4 college women have disordered eating

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Young Adulthood (20s)

• Physical Prime !!

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Young Adulthood (30s)

• Maximum bone density occurs
• Muscles begin to lose elasticity and tone
• Muscle strength begins decline
• Hearing and eyesight begin to decline
• Basal Metabolism Rate begins to decline with
  increase weight gain
• Immune Response declines due to stress

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Middle Age (40s 50s)

• Height begins to shrink about ½ inch per decade
• Muscle strength decreases noticeably (back and
  legs)
• Loss of bone mass begins then accelerates
• Take longer to heal
• Osteoporosis concern for women

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Middle Age (40s 50s)

• Arthritis often begins causing joint pain and
  loss of movement.
• Appearance changes may include
• Graying hair
• Hair loss
• Facial Wrinkles
• Sagging bodies

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Middle Age

• Changes in vision and hearing
• Presbyopia lessened ability to focus on near
  objects
• Myopia nearsightedness
• Presbycusis gradual loss of hearing high pitched
  sounds
• Males tend to experience hearing loss greater and
  sooner than females
• Changes in sensitivity to taste, touch, and smell

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Middle Age

• Climacteric (Loss of ability to bear children)
• Menopause
• The disruption and eventual end of menstruation
• Andropause
• Midlife Crisis
• No scientific evidence validating this
• Points more to a Midlife Review

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Middle Age

• Cardiovascular Disease
• Cholesterol increases
• Blood pressure increases
• Equal problem in men and women

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Late Adulthood

• Brain neurons decrease (5 to 30 from young
  adulthood)
• Vision declines
• Night vision
• Smaller visual field
• Reaction time slows

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Late Adulthood

• Hearing declines
• Lung capacity and elasticity declines
• Decreased muscle tone and strength

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Late Adulthood

• Chronic disorders become more common
• Arthritis - Cardiovascular disease
• Osteoporosis - Diabetes
• Heart conditions - Asthma
• Sinus problems - Cancer
• Parkinsons Disease
• Nearly ¾ of all older adults die from heart
  disease, cancer, or cerebrovascular disease
  (strokes).

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Aging

• Once body structures reach maximum capacity and
  efficiency in the teens and twenties, senescence
  or biological aging begins.
• Primary aging basic, underlying aging process
• Secondary aging product of environmental
  influences, health habits, or disease, and is
  neither inevitable nor experienced by all adults.

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Physical Development and Health

• Less active lifestyles rather than biological
  aging account for most of the age-related decline
  in athletic skill and motor performance