Hand Tools

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Hand Tools
Session 9
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Industrial Tool Usage

• Two categories
• Hand tools
• Machine tools
• Importance of hand tools should not be overlooked
• Bench work includes operations of inspecting,
  fitting, and assembling

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Two Classes of Hand Tools

• Noncutting
• Cutting

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Two Classes of Hand Tools

• Noncutting
• Include vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches,
  pliers, and etc.
• Used basically for holding, forming, assembling,
  reassembling, destroying, or dismantling parts

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Bench Vise

• Also Called Machinists Vise
• Used to hold small work securely for sawing,
  chipping, filing, polishing, drilling, reaming,
  and tapping
• Size determined by width of jaws

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Bench Vise
Jaw caps made of brass, aluminum, or copper to
protect the work surface from being marred or
damaged
Solid or swivel base
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Other Vises
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Clamping Device

• C-Clamp
• Popular in Plant settings
• 2 to 12
• Allows clamping two or more items together or
  clamping one item to another

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Clamping Device

• Boiler Clamps
• Heavy Duty
• 6 to 24

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Hard Faced Hammers

• Ball Peen
• Peen smaller, rounded end
• Used in riveting or peening operations
• Variety of sizes

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Hard Faced Hammers

• Sledge
• Largest striking surface
• Used in persuading or nudging objects
• Variety of sizes head mass range 1 to 12 lb
• Smaller sizes used for gentle persuasion
• Larger sizes used for serious business

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Hard Faced Hammers

• Claw type
• Smaller striking surface
• Claw end can be used for prying nails and etc
• Variety of sizes head mass range 10 oz to 22 oz
• Smaller available with ergonomic handles

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Soft-Faced Hammers

• Faces made of plastic or rubber.
• Plastic or rubber faced hammers are fastened to
  steel body and replaced when worn
• Used in assembling or dismantling parts so
  finished surface of work not marred

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Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads with replaceable faces made of plastic or
  rubber

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Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads made of rawhide, aluminum, brass, copper,
  copper/bronze or lead
• Entire head made of above material
• Used in assembling or dismantling parts so
  finished surface of work not marred

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Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads with replaceable section of leather.

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Soft-Faced Hammers

• Dead Blow hammers
• Filled with lead or steel shot
• Do not bounce back or rebound after striking
  object
• Do not lose shape and last longer than lead
  hammers

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Safety Precautions When Using a Hammer

1. Be sure handle is solid and not cracked
2. Be sure head is tight on handle and secured with
   proper wedge to keep handle expanded in head
3. Never use with greasy handle or when your hands
   are greasy
4. Never strike two hammer faces together

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Screwdrivers

• Two most common types
• Standard or flat blade
• Blades for smaller make of round stock
• Blades for larger often square for leverage
• Phillips
• Different sizes and styles
• Standard shank
• Stubby shank
• Offset

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Regular Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with slotted-type screw
• Manufactured in various sizes
• To suit various-sized slots in heads of fasteners

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Phillips Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with Phillips-type screws
• Manufactured in sizes 1, 2, 3, 4
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads of
  fasteners

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Torx Screwdrivers

• ? shaped tip for use with Torx-type recessed
  screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads of
  fasteners

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Square Head Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with Square-type screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads of
  fasteners

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Star Head Screwdrivers

• Star shaped tip for use with Star-type recessed
  screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes
• To suit various-sized recesses in heads of
  fasteners

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Allen Head Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with Allen-type screw heads
• Manufactured in assorted sizes

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Care of a Screwdriver

• Choose correct size of screwdriver for job
• Too small, both screw recess and tip of
  screwdriver may become damaged
• Do not use screwdriver as pry bar, chisel, or
  wedge
• If tip or handle breaks or wears out, replace the
  screwdriver

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Wrenches

• Many types used in machine shop work
• Each suited for specific purpose
• Name derived from use, shape, or construction
• Most available in both inch and metric measuring
  systems

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Open-End Wrenches

• Single-ended or double-ended
• Openings usually offset at 15º angle
• Permits turning nut or bolt head in limited
  spaces by "flopping" wrench
• Double-ended have different-size opening at each
  end

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Box-End Wrenches

• Completely surround nut and useful in close
  quarters where only small rotation of nut can be
  obtained at one time
• Box end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut notches
  around inside face
• Notches fit closely over points on outside of nut
• Have different sizes at each end

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Combination Wrenches

• Box end at one end
• Open end at other
• May have socket attached as one end
• Wide variety available

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Line Wrenches

• Also referred to as Flared nut wrenches
• Six point construction
• One section of wrench head removed to enable the
  head to encircle a flared nut with a line or tube
  running through it.

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Spud Wrenches

• Similar to box or open end wrenches
• Only one end has a wrench head
• Other end used as an alignment tool

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Striking End Wrenches

• Box or open end wrenches
• Only one end has a wrench head
• Other end used as an striking surface

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Torque Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for tightening nuts and
  bolts to specifications
• Beam Type
• Dial Type
• Digital Type
• Clicker Type

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Torque Wrenches
Beam Types
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Torque Wrenches
Dial Type
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Torque Wrenches
Digital Type
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Torque Wrenches
Clicker Types
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Torque Wrenches
3/8 Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds
3/8 Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds
1/2 Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds
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Torque Wrenches
Clicker Type
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Sockets

• Size of Drives
• ¼ inch
• Light duty
• ? drive
• General purpose
• ½ inch drive
• General Purpose
• ¾ inch drive and above
• Industrial Applications

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Sockets
Six Point
Eight Point
Twelve Point
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Sockets

• Regular
• General purpose
• Impact
• Heavy duty
• Industrial

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Socket Accessories
Universal Joints
Various Adapters
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Sockets
Torx Head Internal

• Specialty

Hex Head
Torx Head External
Flare Nut Crows Foot
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Socket Drivers

• Rachets

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Sockets Adjuncts

• Extensions

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Socket Accessories
Speeder Bar
Breaker Bar
Breaker Bar
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Adjustable Wrenches

• May be adjusted to within certain range to fit
  several sizes of nuts or bolt heads
• Useful for odd-size nuts or when proper size not
  available
• Can slip when not properly adjusted to flats of
  nut

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Pipe Wrenches

• Made of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or Beryllium/Copper
• Used to loosen or tighten pipe connections
• 6 to 48

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Allen Setscrew Wrenches

• Commonly called hex keys
• Hexagonal fits into recesses of socket head
  setscrews and capscrews

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Allen Setscrew Wrenches
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Pin Spanner Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches supplied by machine tool
  manufacturer for use on specific machines
• Supplied in various sizes

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Pin Spanner Wrenches

• Fixed-face spanners position in two fixed
  location holes on face of special nut or threaded
  fitting on machine

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Pin Spanner Wrenches

• Adjustable-face spanners adjust to various
  positions of two holes on face of special nut or
  threaded fitting on machine

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Pin Spanner Wrenches

• Hook-pin spanner used on circumference of round
  nut
• Pin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of nut

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Strap Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for use on pipe or large
  tubing
• Supplied in various sizes

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Chain Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for use on pipe or large
  tubing
• Supplied in various sizes
• Similar to the Strap wrenches

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Hints on Using Wrenches

• Always select wrench that fits nut or bolt
  properly
• Dont use inch on metric or vice versa
• Pull rather than push on wrench
• Always be sure nut is fully seated in wrench jaw
• Misalignment will cause slippage
• Use wrench in same plane as nut or bolt head

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Pliers

• Useful for gripping and holding small parts for
  certain machining operations or when assembling
  parts
• Many types and sizes
• Names by shape, function or construction

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Types of Pliers

• Combination or slip-joint pliers
• Adjustable to grip both large and small work
• Grip work when small holes must be drilled or for
  bending or twisting light, thin materials

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Types of Pliers

• Side-cutting pliers
• Used mainly for cutting, gripping, and bending of
  small diameter (1/8 in. or less) rods or wires

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Types of Pliers

• Channel-Locks
• Available in variety of sizes
• Useful for holding just about anything, loosening
  and tightening about anything, and about anything
  else you can think of.

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Types of Pliers

• Needle-nose pliers
• Available in both straight- and bent-nose types
• Useful for holding very small parts, positioning
  them in hard-to-get-at places and bending wire

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Types of Pliers

• Snap Ring pliers
• External Type shown
• Used to remove or install external snap rings

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Types of Pliers

• Snap Ring pliers
• Internal Type shown
• Used to remove or install internal snap rings.

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Types of Pliers

• Vise-grip pliers
• Extremely high gripping power because of
  adjustable lever action
• Many different styles
• standard jaws, needle jaws and C-clamp jaws

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Hints on Using Pliers

1. Never use pliers instead of wrench
2. Never attempt to cut large-diameter or
   heat-treated material with pliers
3. Always keep pliers clean and lubricated

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Two Classes of Hand Tools

• Noncutting
• Cutting

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Two Classes of Hand Tools

• Cutting
• Include saws, grinders, files, and etc.
• Used to separate, part, trim, or divide parts

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Sawing, Filing and Scraping

• Often necessary to perform certain metal-cutting
  operations at bench or on job
• Common tools
• Hacksaws
• Files
• Scrapers

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Pistol-Grip Hand Hacksaw

• Solid frame rigid and will accommodate blades of
  one specific length
• Adjustable frame more common and will take blades
  from 10 to 12 in. long
• Wing nut provides adjustment

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Hacksaw Blades

• High-Carbon Steel Blades
• Short lasting
• Blades relatively soft
• Blade wears quickly
• Inexpensive
• High-Speed Molybdenum or Tungsten-alloy Steel
  Blades
• Long lasting
• Blades with hardened and tempered teeth

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Hacksaw Blades

• Two types
• Solid blade (all-hard)
• Hardened throughout and very brittle
• Flexible blade
• Teeth hardened, while back of blade soft and
  flexible
• Stand more abuse than all-hard blade, but will
  not last long in general use
• Used on channel iron, tubing, copper and aluminum

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Blade Pitch

• Number of teeth per inch
• Manufactured in various pitches
• 14, 18, 24, and 32
• General use choice 18 in. tooth blade
• Choose as coarse blade as possible
• Provides plenty of chip clearance and to cut
  through work as quickly as possible
• Should have at least two teeth in contact with
  work at all times
• Prevent work from jamming and stripping teeth

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Guide for Proper Blade Selection
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Guide for Proper Blade Selection
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Guide for Proper Blade Selection
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Guide for Proper Blade Selection
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Files

• Hand cutting tool made of high-carbon steel
• Series of teeth cut on body by parallel chisel
  cuts
• Used to remove surplus metal and to produce
  finished surfaces
• Manufactured in variety of types and shapes
• Two classes single-cut and double-cut

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Single-cut Files

• Single row of parallel teethrunning diagonally
  across face
• Used when smooth finish desired
• Include mill, long-angle lathe, and saw files

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Double-cut Files

• Two intersecting rows of teeth
• First row coarser and called overcut
• Second row called upcut
• Hundreds of cutting teeth
• Provides for fast removal of metals and easy
  clearing of chips

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Degrees of Coarseness

• Both single- and double-cut files come in various
  degrees of coarseness
• Rough
• Coarse
• Bastard
• Second-cut
• Smooth
• Dead smooth

Most Common
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Machinist Files

• Types most commonly used in shop

• Flat
• Hand
• Round
• Half-round
• Square

• Pillar
• Three-quarter
• Warding
• Knife

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Cross-sectional Views of Shop Files
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Care of Files

• Do not store files where they rub together
• Dont throw into drawer with other files
• Never use file as pry of hammer
• Do not knock file on vise or other metallic
  object to clean it
• Use brush or file card
• Apply pressure only on forward stroke

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Care of Files

• Do not press too hard on new file
• Too much pressure also results in "pinning" which
  scratches work surface
• Small particles get wedged between teeth of file
  and clog it up

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Rotary Files

• Teeth cut and form broken lines
• Dissipate heat of friction
• Useful for work on tough die steels, forgings,
  and scaly surfaces

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Ground Burrs

• Teeth uniform in tooth shape and size
• Unbroken flutes
• Flutes machine ground to master burr to ensure
  uniformity of tooth shape and size
• May be made of high-speed steel or carbide
• Carbide last up to 100 times longer