Propaganda History

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Propaganda / PersuasionThrough the Ages

• Ancient World
• Egypt, China, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, India,
  Greece, Rome
• Greek Rhetoric
• Plato Socrates versus Sophists
• Aristotle means of persuasion

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Propaganda / PersuasionThrough the Ages

• Homers Iliad and Odyssey (around 7th Century
  B.C.E)
• Arete excellence / reaching the highest human
  potential

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Propaganda / PersuasionThrough the Ages

• Athens and Sparta The Struggle with Persia
• First Persian Invasion under Darius
• Battle of Marathon 490 BCE

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490 BCE Persian invasion force is defeated at
the Battle of Marathon

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The Second Persian Campaign 480 BCE

• 480 BCE Xerxes, king of Persia, invades the
  Greek mainland
• Greek resistance to Persia exemplified in the
  Battle of Thermopylae.
• Persian force is defeated at the Battle Salamis
• 479 BCE Xerxes withdraws his forces.

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The Battle of Thermopylae

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The symbol of ThermopylaeThe foundation myth of
western civilization

• Self-sacrifice
• Fighting for freedom
• Rationalisms
• The Spartans sacrificed themselves for the
  freedom of Greece.
• The Greeks were a special nation that possessed
  qualities (like rationality and a passion for
  liberty) that the nations of the ancient East
  were lacking.
• The Greco-Persian war marked the birth of western
  civilization, defined by rationalism, freedom,
  and democracy.

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Stereotyping the enemy

• the Persians are shown as effeminate and
  religious devotees.
• The Spartans are physically perfect.
• It is man versus woman, mysticism versus
  rationalism, healthy versus sick.

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Consider reading

• The Histories by Herodotus
• Thermopylae The Battle That Changed the World by
  Paul Cartledge

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Alexander the Great (356323 BCE)

• Conquest
• Treatment of enemies
• Incorporation of cultures/people
• Cult of personality

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Deeds of Alexander By Callisthenes (a
professional flatterer)

• many allusions to Homer's Iliad, a calculation of
  the date of the fall of Troy exactly thousand
  years before Alexander's visit to the sacred city
• references to towns mentioned by Homer and
  visited by Alexander.
• Alexander's manly behavior and the effeminate
  weakness of the Persians
• the sea showing obedience to the new Achilles
• Alexander is the son of Zeus. 

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The Hellenistic civilizationFrom the death of
Alexander 323 BCE to 31 BCE when Rome defeated
Greece.

• The spread of Greek power and cultural influence
  throughout the former Empire of Alexander

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The Hellenistic civilization

• Partially deliberate policy
• Partially a natural diffusion of Greek culture,
  arts, architecture, mathematics, philosophy and
  science.
• Transformation of Greek society from the
  localized and introverted city-states to an open,
  cosmopolitan, and exuberant culture that
  permeated the entire eastern Mediterranean, and
  Southwest Asia.
• Greek thinking, mores, and way of life dominated
  the public affairs of the time. The Greek
  language became the official language of the
  Hellenistic world.

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IMPERIAL ROME

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Imperial Rome

• The Law
• The Military
• The Technology / Engineering

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Julius Caesar Cult of Personality

• Decisivenes Crossing Rubicon and Alea iacta est
  (The die is cast).
• Military prowess and skill Veni, vidi, vici
  (I came, I saw, I conquered).
• Supernaturaldescended from the goddess Venus

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Judaism and the Rise of Christianity

• Myth of Creation
• The Mosaic Law (The Old Testament)
• Paul of Tarsus and the New Testament
• Early Christianity (preceding the First Council
  of Nicaea in 325).
• Establishment of the Church
• The Reformation / Counter-Reformation
• Martin Luther / Ignatius Loyola

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Religion

• Charismatic figures
• Heavy symbolism
• A simple moral philosophy
• Fulfilling peoples needs
• Enforcement through fear

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Religion as reinforcement of the dominant
ideology

• The Japanese military use of Shinto
• Stalins use of Orthodox Church
• The Catholicism of the Irish Republican Army
• Martin Luther (16th cent) condemnation of
  peasant revolt
• Islam and terrorism
• Religions support for slavery (U.S.) and
  segregation (apartheid in South Africa).

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Slavery

• "Slavery was established by decree of Almighty
  God...it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both
  Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation..."
  Jefferson Davis (president of the Confederation)
• "The right of holding slaves is clearly
  established in the Holy Scriptures, both by
  precept and example." Rev. R. Furman, D.D., a
  Baptist pastor
• For many years the Quakers were the only
  anti-slavery denomination

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Christianity and the West

• Traditionally Christianity was seen as a Western
  or European religion.
• Now Christianity is becoming a post-Western
  religion dominated by the peoples, cultures, and
  countries of the global South.
• Religion will shape the dynamics of existing,
  new, and emerging great powers.
• It will influence U.S. attempts to promote
  freedom, civil society, democracy, and economic
  development

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Christian resurgence

• The most dramatic religious explosion in the
  world today is the spread of Pentecostalism and
  evangelical Protestantism
• Pentecostalism is a movement within Christianity
  that places emphasis on a direct personal
  experience of God.
• Pentecostalism includes a wide range of different
  theologies and cultures. There is no single
  central organization or church that directs the
  movement. Many Pentecostal groups are affiliated
  with the Pentecostal World Conference.

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Evangelical Protestantism

• Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian
  movement. Its key commitments are
• The need for personal conversion (or being "born
  again")
• Actively expressing and sharing the gospel
• A high regard for biblical authority, especially
  biblical inerrancy
• An emphasis on teachings that proclaim the death
  and resurrection of Jesus

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Political activities

• Traditionally Pentecostalism and evangelical
  Protestantism were thought to be private and
  highly personal religions with little interest in
  politics
• Recently they became very active in politics,
  especially in Latin America
• Generally they support freedom and democracy, but
  because of their biblical literalism they promote
  intolerance

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Religious renewal in Asia

• China is experiencing a tremendous expansion of
  Pentecostalism and evangelical Christianity.
• It is projected that by 2050 there will be about
  200 million Christians in China (15 of the
  population)
• In South Korea Christianity reached over 25 of
  the population
• Meanwhile, northwestern China is home to over 20
  million Muslims and is now in the grip of an
  Islamic reawakening.

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Indias problem

• Although 80 of Indians are Hindus, there are
  serious variations within the country.
• For example,
• Muslims comprise 67 of the population of Jammu
  and Kashmir.
• Christians dominate small eastern states of
  Nagaland (90), Mizoram (87), and Meghalaya
  (70).
• Sikhs make up 60 of Punjab

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Common Sense (1776)

• Thomas Paine

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The American Revolution

• Boston Massacre (1770)
• Political cartoons Join, or Die
• John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Declaration of Independence
• The Constitution

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The Constitution and the Declaration

• Promotion of the political ideas of
  Enlightenment to create a system of checks and
  balances that held rulers to higher
  laws/standards.
• Democratic government / separation of powers /
  secularism / rationality

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The rationalism and secularism

• Thomas Jefferson Shake off all the fears of
  servile prejudices, under which weak minds are
  crouched. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and
  call her tribunal for every fact, every opinion.
  Question with boldness even the existence of a
  God because, if there be one, he must more
  approve of the homage of reason than that of
  blindfolded fear

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