Protein Creation Pathway

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Protein Creation Pathway
Place your keyboard aside
click on the NUCLEUS to begin the tutorial
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The Nucleus

• The nucleus (flashing circle) is nicknamed the
  control center of a cell. But why? The nucleus
  contains DNA in its active form and this DNA will
  ultimately be used as a blueprint to create
  proteins for use throughout the body. The process
  of creating a protein begins in the nucleus.
• Click the arrow to zoom inside and view a
  nucleus.
• See the dark spot inside the nucleus? This is the
  nucleolus. Give it a click.

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The Nucleolus
Nucleolus

• The nucleolus is a dense region within the
  nucleus. This organelle (tiny cell part) is
  responsible for creating thousands of ribosomes.
  Ribosomes play an important role in the creation
  of proteins as we will see later.
• Click the Nucleolus to see an artists drawing.

Nucleus
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The Nucleolus

• The nucleolus is a dense region within the
  nucleus. This organelle (tiny cell part) is
  responsible for creating thousands of ribosomes.
  Ribosomes play an important role in the creation
  of proteins as we will see later.

These organelles are 3-dimensional. But they
often look flat when viewed through a microscope.
To proceed, answer the question below. What are
the monomers of a protein called?
monosaccharide
Fatty acid
Nucleotide
Amino acid
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Doh! Try Again!
Monomer Polymer
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide
Lipid Fatty acid Lipid
Protein Amino acid Protein
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Review the chart. Click the button to return.
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Correct!
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Ribosomes

• By far, the ribosomes are the most numerous of
  all organelles. Remember, they are created by the
  nucleolus. After exiting the nucleus they
  themselves are responsible for the production of
  proteins within the cell. Because they are so
  small, they resemble tiny dots in this picture.
• After they exit the nucleus, they are often
  attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Click
  HERE to see the ER and attached ribosomes.

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Ribosomes

• By far, the ribosomes are the most numerous of
  all organelles. Remember, they are created by the
  nucleolus. After exiting the nucleus they
  themselves are responsible for the production of
  proteins within the cell. Because they are so
  small, they resembles tiny dots in this picture.
• After they exit the nucleus, the ribosomes are
  often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• Lets review. Which organelle creates the
  ribosomes?

Nucleus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
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Doh! Try Again!
Click the button to return.
10
Correct!
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The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then
  exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they
  begin to create proteins through a process called
  translation.
• The rough ER is called rough because it is
  covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically
  a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts
  of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the
  rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the
  ribosomes.
• Click to see the rough ER.

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The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then
  exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they
  begin to create proteins through a process called
  translation.
• The rough ER is called rough because it is
  covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically
  a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts
  of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the
  rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the
  ribosomes.
• Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow
  into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to
  the outside of the nucleus.

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The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then
  exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they
  begin to create proteins through a process called
  translation.
• The rough ER is called rough because it is
  covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically
  a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts
  of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the
  rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the
  ribosomes.
• Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow
  into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to
  the outside of the nucleus.

See the dots? Those are the ribosomes.
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The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then
  exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they
  begin to create proteins through a process called
  translation.
• The rough ER is called rough because it is
  covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically
  a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts
  of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the
  rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the
  ribosomes.
• Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow
  into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to
  the outside of the nucleus.

See the dots? Those are the ribosomes.
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The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then
  exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they
  begin to create proteins through a process called
  translation.
• The rough ER is called rough because it is
  covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically
  a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts
  of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the
  rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the
  ribosomes.
• Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow
  into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to
  the outside of the nucleus.

We need to review before we go further.
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Lets Review

• Which step happens first? Click the correct
  sentence.

The ribosomes exit the nucleus
The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they
travel along the rough ER.
The nucleolus creates ribosomes
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Correct!
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• Check the animation. Then click which happens
  next.

1st step The nucleolus creates ribosomes
The ribosomes exit the nucleus
The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they
travel along the rough ER.
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Correct!
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• Check the animation. Then click which happens
  next.

1st step The nucleolus creates ribosomes
2nd step The ribosomes exit the nucleus
The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they
travel along the rough ER.
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Correct!
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Remember, we are tracing the path of protein
creation.
1st step The nucleolus creates ribosomes
2nd step The ribosomes exit the nucleus
3rd step The ribosomes begin to make proteins as
they travel along the rough ER.
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Protein Functions

• Remember, the ribosomes were traveling along the
  rough ER while making proteins. Proteins are used
  in a wide variety of cell activities, such as
  growing hair, carrying oxygen, and digesting
  foods. Many proteins are created by one cell, but
  needed by another. Therefore many proteins need
  to be exported. Thats the job of the Golgi Body
  (named after Camillo Golgi). Click the arrow to
  see the Golgi Bodies.

The Golgi body receives the proteins that were
created by the ribosomes. The Golgi body packages
the protein inside a protective envelope called a
vesicle. Doesnt the Golgi body resemble a stack
of pancakes?
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Vesicles

• Vesicles float away from the Golgi body with
  finished proteins inside. The proteins are
  released from the cell and are used throughout
  the body.
• Lets do some review. Use your worksheet to help
  you with the answers.
• 1) Which organelle creates ribosomes?

Golgi body
vesicle
nucleus
rough ER
nucleolus
ribosome
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Correct!
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Review 2

• Which organelle transports the ribosomes from the
  nucleus to the Golgi body?

Golgi body
vesicle
nucleus
rough ER
nucleolus
ribosome
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Correct!
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Review 3

• Which organelle creates proteins?

Golgi body
vesicle
nucleus
rough ER
nucleolus
ribosome
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Correct!
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Review 4

• Which organelle packages finalized proteins for
  shipment?

Golgi body
vesicle
nucleus
rough ER
nucleolus
ribosome
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Correct!
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Review 5

• Which organelle protects a finished protein as it
  exits the cell?

Golgi body
vesicle
nucleus
rough ER
nucleolus
ribosome
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Correct!
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Review 6

• Click on the nucleolus.

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Correct!
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Review 7

• Click on the Golgi bodyremember pancakes.

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Correct!
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Review 8

• Click on the rough ER.

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Correct!
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Review 9

• Click on the organelle that packages proteins for
  shipment outside of the cell.

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Correct!
Golgi Body!
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Review 10

• Click on the organelle that creates ribosomes.

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Correct!
Nucleolus!
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I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be
posted on my website for you to review at any
time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start
over if you would like to do some review.