Cultural practices and resistance varieties in banana

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Cultural practices and resistance varieties in
banana
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Cultural or ecological control involves
purposeful manipulation of the environment to
make it less habitable for pest species Any
change in the spatial distribution of host plants
(crop rotation, intercropping, or trap cropping),
variations in the time of planting or harvesting,
application of water and fertilizer, and
management of ground cover and / surrounding
vegetation may have a significant effect on the
survival and growth of pest populations
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Climate and Soil Requirements
Banana is well adapted to well-drained, loamy,
soil that is rich in organic matter. Areas with
an average rainfall of 4000 millimeters (mm) a
year are ideal sites for a banana plantation. A
temperature between 27 to 30o C is most favorable
to the crop. Banana grows at sea level up to
1,800 meters altitude. It is susceptible to root
rot when exposed to too much water. Typhoon belt
areas do not make good plantation sites.

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Propagation
Banana can be propagated through its rhizomes
and suckers. Suckers must be parasite-free and
have healthy roots. These are spaded out of the
clumps when four to five feet tall.
Land Preparation
The field is ploughed and harrowed thrice. All
stumps and bushes must be removed.
Knee-deep holes with 45-cm diameters are dug and
each hole is fertilized with 10 grams of Complete
fertilizer and a few of granular nematode.
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Planting
Suckers are set on field in vertical position,
then covered with surface soil. Compost material
added to the soil enhances the recovery and
growth with the new plants. The soil is stumped
around each base and watered regularly. During
dry months, irrigation if possible, is
advised. Planting is best at the start of the
rainy season
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Cultivation and Maintenance
Cultivation should go beyond six inches from the
base of the plant to avoid root injury.
Intercrops / Glamoxine or Karmex spray act as
weed control.
Plants must be propped with bamboo poles during
fruiting for support against strong winds.
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Intercropping
One of the way to reduce pest populations by
increasing environmental diversity.
Intercropping lowers the overall attractiveness
of the environment, as when host and non-host
plants are mixed together in a single planting.  

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Managed application
Water or fertilizer can have a big impact on the
survival of pest populations in some crops.
Annual flooding, for example, is a cultural
practice that eliminates many potential pests.
Balance diet application of irrigation and
fertilization keeps plants healthy, vigorous, and
more resistant to insect injury. It is not
unusual for small amounts of injury to actually
stimulate compensatory growth in healthy
plants.
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Sanitation

• Cultural control strategy that may be highly
  effective for pests control.
• Removing crop debris from banana fields after
  harvest eliminates corn weevils.
• Collecting the removed side coppice after that
  Shredding or burning.

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Crop Rotation
Rotating the field to a different type of crop
can break this cycle by starving pests that
cannot adapt to a different host plant. Crop
rotation schemes work because they increase the
diversity of a pest's environment and create
discontinuity in its food supply.
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• As a rule, rotations are most likely to be
  practical and effective when they are used
  against pests that
• Growing a single crop year after year in the same
  field gives pest populations sufficient time to
  become established and build up to damaging
  levels.
• Attack annual or biennial crops
• Have a relatively narrow host range
• Cannot move easily from one field to another,
  and
• Are present before the crop is planted

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Desuckering or Pruning
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Fertilization
For poor soils, fertilizers should contain N-P-K
at a ratio of 3-1-6. The ratio is doubled when
fertilizers are applied to young plants. The
amount of fertilizer applied increases as the
tree matures. At flowering and fruiting period,
a tree needs five to six pounds of complete
fertilizer.
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Weed management

• Weed control and weed management are the two
  terms used in weed science.
• Weed control is the process of limiting
  infestation of the weed plant so that crops can
  be grown profitably. Weed management includes
• Prevention
• Eradication
• Control by regulated use
  

• Suppression of growth
• Prevention of seed
• production
• Complete destruction
• Restricting invasion

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Bunch covering
Use transparent polyethylene sleeves with 2
(during cool season) - 4 (during summer season)
ventilation to cover the bunch immediately after
opening of the last hand.
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Soil Flooding
This is a pre-planting practice which can be
regarded as a soil disinfestations treatment. A
classic case of control on a large scale was
demonstrated with the Panama wilt disease of
bananas caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
cubense). The harmful effect of flooding on
soil-borne pathogens related to a lack of oxygen,
increased CO2 or various microbial interactions,
e.g. production of substances that are toxic to
the pathogen upon anaerobic processes.
(Cont)..
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• The soil is flooded for 34 months or more, with
  a minimum of 30 cm of water.
• Flooding was not effective when large populations
  of the pathogen were present, or in soil which
  contained unknown factors which favored the
  pathogen.
• Flooding also apparently destroys Pseudomonas
  solanacearum and the nematode Radopholus similis.
• Where flooding was practiced in the past to
  eliminate soil-borne organisms including fungi,
  nematodes and insects.

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Host Resistance
Breeding plants (or animals) for resistance to
insects is really just another form of biological
pest control.
Rather than finding insects to attack the pests,
breeders look for genetic traits (or combinations
of traits) that reduce an organism's
susceptibility to attack or injury by its insect
pests.
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Resistant varieties in banana

• Major banana varieties grown in India
• Poovan
• It is the most important commercial variety in
  Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.
• It is also known as Lal velchi in Maharashtra.
• It is resistant to Panama wilt.

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Dwarf Cavendish or Basarai
It is a dwarf variety. It is resistant to Panama
disease. It is a high yielding variety with
fruits large and of good quality.
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To sum up

• Different cultural practices increase the
  production and protection of plant.
• They are field preparation, planting material
  free from pest and diseases, irrigation system-
  drip irrigation (to avoid wastage of water),
  intercropping(increase the productivity), weed
  management,sanitation, crop rotation, soil
  flooding, resistance varieties , bunch covers for
  increase the quality to protect fruits from cold,
  sun scorching.

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