Methods to improve seeds

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Methods to improve seeds

• 1. Selection take individual plants and pick
  the best plants from them and plant their seeds.
• 2. Directed Breeding cross two plants together
  in order to get hybrid vigor to better the crop.

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• 3. Gene Splicing slicing out a section of a
  plant and putting it into a totally different
  plant. GMOs

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How is this breeding accomplished?

• In the chromosomes the genetic characterists are
  contained in genes. And they produce enzymes
  which produce protein. These proteins have an
  effect on DNA and RNA.

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Terms

• 1. Genotype Genetic make up of the plant. Not
  always visible.
• 2. Phenotype Physical make up of the gene
  combinations. What you can see.
• 3. Sexual Reproduction Gametes
• Diploid (2n) pair of chromosomes
• Haploid (1n) a single chromosome

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• 4. Alleles same location on a gene of
• a chromosome.
• 5. Homozygous same gametes.
• 6. Heterozygous different gamets.
• 7. Dominate trait mask another.
• 8. Recessive trait only seen when
• paired together.
• 9. Recessive trait only seen when
• paired together

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• 10. Mitosis Cell division, making
• diploid cells , normal growth,
• daughter cells the same as the
• parent cell.
• 11. Meiosis sexual reproduction
• through division.

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• 12. Pollination the transfer,
• movement, of pollen grains from the
• anther to the stigma.

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• 13. Hybrid is an offspring of a cross of
• two different genetic parents of the
• same species.
• s Highly uniform, increased vigor,
• increased yields, very
• predictable.
• -s Cant reuse seed, expensive,
• more locally adapted, may or may not have as
  much disease res. As O.P.s

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Flowers

• 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual
  production
• 2. Produce seeds and fruit

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Parts of the Flower

• Sepals
• Outer covering of the flower bud
• Protects the stamens and pistils when flower is
  in bud stage

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Parts of the Flower

• Petals
• Brightly colored
• Protects stamen and pistils
• Attracts pollinating insects

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Parts of the Flower

• Stamens
• Male Reproductive part
• Anther-produces pollen
• Filament-supports the anther

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Parts of the Flower

• Pistil
• Female reproductive part
• Ovary
• Enlarged portion at base of pistil
• Produces ovules which develop into seeds
• Stigma
• Holds the pollen grains

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Parts of the Flower

• Style
• Connects the stigma with ovary
• Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated

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Complete and Incomplete Flowers

• Complete have all four main parts
• Sepals
• Petals
• Stamens
• Pistils

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Some plants have both male female flowers

• 1. Monoecious plants contain both
• male and female flowers.
• 2. Dioecious plants contain only one
• sex and another plant contains
• counter part. Male plants and
• female plants.

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• 3. Gynecious only female and very few male
  flowers.
• 4. Andromonecious only male and very few female
  flowerws.

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Methods of pollination

• 1. Self Pollination Pollinates themselves.
• 2. Cross Pollination due to wind, animals, or
  insects plants pollinated by other plants.

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Plant Improvements, How does man manipulate
plants?

• 1. Render the pollen non-viable
• Male sterility
• Emasculation remove or kill anther.

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• 2. Selection A process in which you pick
  certain plants to reproduce.
• 3. Rouging to pick out a few plants and cull
  them out and keep the remaining plants.
• 4. Mass Selection take a sample from a
  population and grow it for seed production.

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• Heterosis (Hybrid Vigor) - cross two plants and
  get an offspring that will be superior to its
  parents.
• Inbreeding Depression the vigor of that crop
  goes down dramatically.
• To get a select line you must isolate the crop
  so they cant pollinate by any other crop. Also
  put up cages to keep insects out. Cover stigmas
  with bags.

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• Hybrid is an offspring of a cross of to
  different genetic parents of the same species.
• s Highly uniform, very predictable,
• vigor increases, yield increases
• -s Cant reuse seed, expensive, more locally
  adapted, may or may not have as much disease
  resist. as O.P.

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Vegetative propagation

• Examples of plants
• Garlic
• Rhubarb
• Artichokes
• Potato
• Sweet Potato