Evolution and sustainability of fisheriesaquaculture lessons from past history

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• Evolution and sustainability of
  fisheries/aquaculture lessons from past
  history
• Derek Staples
• FAO, Bangkok

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Contents

• Global picture
• Historic perspective (SE Asia)
• Stewardship in the context of change
• Challenges

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• GLOBAL PICTURE

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World capture fisheries and aquaculture
production 2003
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World capture fisheries production
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Top Producing Countries capture fisheries 2003
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World aquaculture production
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Top producing countries - aquaculture
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• Historical perspective

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Pearling

• Early 1800s Sulu Celebes Sea
• 68,000 divers in 1830
• Main market China (750 tonne/year)
• 1830s new technology
• Expansion of areas
• Beds depleted
• Survives as small artisinal fishery in Philippines

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Trawling

• Late 1800s Japanese sail boat beam trawling in
  Manila Bay
• New technology in Europe late 1800s
• Experimental fishing in SE Asia early 1900s
• Japanese adopted steam-powered vessels and
  expanded in late 1920s

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Trawling 2

• Depleted stocks expansion into South China Sea
  and Viet Nam
• Transfer of technology to Gulf of Thailand 1960
• Rapid expansion and transfer of technolgy into
  Viet Nam, Myanmar, Malaysia, Straits of Malacca
  (Indonesia)
• Fishing down food-chain
• Feed for livestock and ducks market important
  (60)

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Changing usage

• Increasing trash fish

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Purse seining

• 1800s surrounding nets
• Sail-powered Chinese junks
• Viet Nam, Gulf of Thailand Straits of Malacca
  in early 1900s
• New technology in late 1930s
• Depleted demersal fisheries in 1960s
• modified vessels for pelagics, especially Gulf
  of Thailand
• Thai purse seiners expansion
• Stocks reduced
• Canning industry during 19070s and early 1980s

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Tuna longlining, poling and purse seining

• 1800s - Traditional fishing
• using trawl-shaped nets, lures and long-lines
• Long-lining developed - 1930s through 1950s
• Purse seining targeting tuna in early 1980s
• Expansion of national capacity
• Signs of depletion in both Pacific and Indian
  Oceans e.g. big-eye tuna

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Boom and Bust (SE Asia example)

• Traditional fishery dating back centuries
• New Technology markets
• Expansion and serial depletion
• New fishing grounds
• Improved technologies
• Change in targets
• Demersal fisheries
• fishing down the food chain
• squid/jelly fish
• Pelagic fisheries
• lowered catch and catch rates
• shift to tuna

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Aquaculture

• Boom and bust
• Increase market demand for a product
• Increase production/diseases/price
• Changing products
• Degraded environment
• Improved technologies
• white shrimp in Asia

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• STEWARDSHIP
• in the
• CONTEXT OF CHANGE

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Stewardship

• Looking after and managing natural resources

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Sustainable development
Ecological well-being
Human well-being
Social, Economic, Ecological Governance
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Accept Boom bust

• Open access no controls
• Justification
• Evolution
• Development has occurred in many countries based
  on this policy
• e.g. change from natural-resource based economies
  to industrial/IT economies
• Social safety net for very poor
• Contented voters

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Accept Boom bust

• Consequences
• Last frontier
• Degraded natural resources reduced biodiversity
• Fisheries will not contribute full potential to
  sustainable development
• Increased subsidies (e.g. fuel subsidies)
• Support from rural voters
• Social safety net

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Govt policy in SE Asia

• Reduce pressure on in-shore stocks
• alternatives (aquaculture)
• Expand to under-utilized offshore resources
• Modernize fisheries and increase exports
• Increase aquaculture production
• Continue boom and bust policies of the past?

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Manage to reduce boom bust

• Improve co-management
• Reduce fishing capacity
• Illegal fishing (IUU)
• Provide predictable access to fishermen
• Equitable allocation agreements
• Allocate more to protected areas (e.g.MPAs)
• Encourage eco-labeling
• Remove subsidies through WTO

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Manage to reduce boom bust 2

• Justification
• Increased contribution to sustainable development
• Improved health of resources increased
  biodiversity
• Consequences
• Selected beneficiaries flow on?
• No social safety net
• Increased management costs

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Govt policy in other Pacific Rim Regions

• Examples of reducing fishing capacity
• USA, Canada, China, Japan, Korea
• Allocation of uses (e.g. MPAs, zonation)
• Regulated aquaculture development
• Move from boom and bust?

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Key challenges for Pacific Rim

• Developed vs developing economies
• Different objectives across the region (economic,
  social, ecological)
• Transboundary effects
• Large Marine Ecosystems
• Investment
• Subsidies or management
• Incomplete management interventions
• (e.g. addressing domestic issues but not IUU)
• Perverse incentives
• Votes
• Talk but no action
• Instruments/agreements/targets/ policies

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• Thank
• you