Basics of Immunology

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Basics of Immunology
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This presentation was created by Amelia
Farber Sadie Shelton Amy Senestraro Zack
Hartman Tanner Hebert
This publication was made possible by Grant
024094 from NIAID. Its contents are solely the
responsibility of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the official views of the
NIH.
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Immune System

• The immune system is designed to protect the body
  from harmful diseases.
• The immune system begins to develop in the embryo
  and by the time the baby is born, it is a
  sophisticated collection of tissues that includes
  the blood, lymphatic system, thymus, spleen,
  skin, and mucosa.

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• The immune system responds to any antigen,
  whether is it harmless, like grass pollen, or
  harmful, such as a virus or bacterial infection.
• Everyones immune system is different, and reacts
  differently to every antigen.

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Immune System layout
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• I. Blood
• a. plasma (the yellow liquid component of blood
  in which blood cells are suspended)
• b. hematocrit (proportion of blood volume that
  is occupied by red blood cells)
• i.Red Blood Cells
• ii. White Blood Cells
• a. monocytes
• b. granulocytes
• c. leukocytes ----gt cytokines activate
  immune
• response cells
• T cells - time memory
• B cells - antibodies
• Natural Killer cells - nonspecific

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Here are some immune system videos that might be
helpful

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhQmaPwP0KRI
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlrYlZJiuf18feature
  fvw
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYs_V6FcYD5I

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There are many cells which are the workers of
your immune system. They are all sorted based on
their form and their function. These cells are
also called lymphocytes- a type of white blood
cell.
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T Lymphocytes

• T- lymphocytes
• Are different from B and NK cells because they
  have a special receptor on their surface called a
  T cell receptor (TRC) which are designed to
  recognize antigen. When a TRC comes in contact
  with an antigen, the T cell matures and changes
  into one of five things
• A Helper T cell which divides rapidly and
  secretes tiny proteins (called cytokines), that
  help in the immune response.
• A Cytotoxic T cell which destroys virally
  infected cells and tumor cells
• A Memory T cell which remain active after an
  immune response, and help the body remember the
  specific antigen that attacked it.
• A Regulatory T cell which is responsible for
  shutting down the T cell reaction after an immune
  response is over.
• A Natural Killer T cell which is responsible
  for recognizing different types of antigens

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B Lymphocytes

• B-lymphocytes
• Their primary role is to make antibodies to
  attack antigens. Once a B cell has come in
  contact with an antigen, it becomes a memory B
  cell, meaning it will remember that specific
  antigen if the body is every attacked by it
  again.

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Flow Cytometry

• Flow Cytometry relates to immunology because it
  is the process of counting and measuring cells.
• Clinics and hospitals use Flow Cytometry to test
  their patients for HIV/AIDS, test for new
  vaccines, and many other medical needs.

The AIDS virus
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Flow Cytometry diagram
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Basic diagram of flow cytometry
Cells from a patients blood are injected, in a
fluid stream, into the flow cytometer. As the
cells pass the laser beam, the light refracts off
the cells, causing a certain amount of forward
and side scatter. By graphing and measuring the
amount of scatter the cytometer reads, you can
tell if the patient has a certain ailment or
disease such as HIV/AIDS
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Referenced Sites
http//www.etc.cmu.edu/projects/immunology/ http/
/www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/immunology/index.
html  http//www.kibook.net/cgd/news_stem_cells.ht
ml http//biology.berkeley.edu/crl/flow_cytometry
_basic.html http//pleiad.umdnj.edu/dweiss/immuno
/immuno.html http//www.astrographics.com/GalleryP
rints/Display/GP2145.jpg http//www.astrographics
.com/GalleryPrintsIndex/GP2091.html
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell http//users.
rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/B_and_
Tcells.html  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell http
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_cytometry http//www
.abcam.com/index.html?pageconfigresourcerid1144
6 http//www.wi.mit.edu/news/archives/2006/cpa_040
3b.html