Sustainable Development Indicators for Island Taiwan

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Sustainable Development Indicators for Island
Taiwan
Jiunn-Rong Yeh Professor of Law, National Taiwan
University
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www.law.ntu.edu.tw/sustain

• Please visit our website

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• Jiunn-Rong Yeh
• Professor of Law, National Taiwan University
• Shang-Lien Lo Professor of Environmental
  Engineering, National Taiwan University
• Ling-Ling Lee Professor of Zoology, National
  Taiwan University
• Jin-Tan Liu Professor of Economics, National
  Taiwan University
• Chin-Shou Wang Professor of Sociology,
  National Tsing-Hua University
• Shu-Li Huang Professor of Urban Planning,
  National Taipei University
• Hui-Min Tsai
• Professor of Environmental Education,
  National Taiwan Normal
• University
• Wen-Chen Shih
• Professor of Environmental Policy,
  National Dong-Hwa University

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Sustainable Development Indicators for Taiwan
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Scenario B
Scenario A
Scenario C
Business As Usual
Towards SD
Not Towards SD
Taiwan 2000
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Developing Sustainable Development Indicators for
Island Taiwan
Institutional Capacity-building
Extended PSR System
In Reference to UN Framework
Incorporating Taiwans Salient Features
Goal and Functions
Criteria for Selection
Process
Demonstration
Interpretation and Policy Incorporation
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General Construction of SD
Taiwans Salient Features
PSR Framework
Institutional Capacity-Building for SD
SD Indicators for Taiwan
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Beyond Definition Four Conceptional Models for
Sustainable Development

• Intergenerational Justice Model (Brundtland
  Report) development that meets the needs of the
  present without compromising the ability of
  future generations to meet their own needs
• Carrying Capacity Model (IUCN) improving the
  quality of life while staying within the carrying
  capacity of supporting system
• Economic Internalization Model (D. Pearce) a
  maximization of the net benefits of economic
  development, subject to maintaining the services
  and quality of natural resources over time, where
  economic development is broadly construed to
  include all elements of social welfare
• Institutional Capacity-building Model (J. Yeh,
  and others) the dynamics of social capacity
  building, through which the ex post regret of
  collective decisions can be minimized.

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Sustainable Taiwan
Probability
Capacity building
Indigenization
Internationalization
Process
Taiwan 2000
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Institutional Capacity-building

• Policy, Behavior, and the Environment
• Capacity, Institution and Performance
• Risk, Learning, and Minimization

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Institutional Capacity-building

• Probability
• Capability
• Empowerment
• Processes
• Values

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Taiwan as a Showcase to Sustainable Development

• Island Status
• Transitional Society and Profound Change
• Multidimensional Interactions
• Regional and International Status

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Five Stages of Development in Taiwan 1945-
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Paradigmatic Change and Taiwans Development Path
Sustainable Development
Environmental Awareness
Inner-renewal Development
Instrumentalism Milk Cow
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Island Characteristics (1)

• Insularity and Interconnectedness
• Physical, biological and cultural insularity
• Scarce natural resources
• Colonial legacy
• High population density and pressure in spatial
  allocation
• Trade dependent economy

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Island Characteristics (2)

• Vulnerability and Fast Changing
• Natural disaster prone ecology
• Environmentally sensitive areas
• High turn over rate
• Constant changing society
• Transitional society
• Vulnerable to external influence
• Struggling for identity

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Criteria in evaluating sustainability under
institutional capacity-building
Sustainable Development
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Dynamics of an Extended PSR System
State
Environment Resources
Pressure
Social Structure Economic Activities
Response
Institutional Environment Implementation
Mechanism
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Water As An Example
State
Water Quantity/Quality
Pressure
Ratio of High Water Dependency Industries
Response
Water Price reflecting actual costs
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Goal and Functions

• Policy Warning
• Policy Reflection
• Policy Guidance

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Criteria for Selecting Indicators

• Representation
• Feasibility

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Process

• Against Random Selection
• Deliberation
• Affiliation And Empowerment
• Revision

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Demonstration

• Weighting, Rating and Overall Grading
• Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP
• Comparative Standardization
• Dimensional and Signaling

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Interpretation

• Collective Interpretation
• Warnings and Suggestions

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Sustainable Development Indicators and
Decision-making

• National Sustainable Development Council and
  Incorporation of Suggestions
• Mandatory Reference in Relevant Administrative,
  Legislative and Judicial Actions
• Constitutional Mandate

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Assessment of Sustainable Development of
Taiwan-Environmental State Indicators

• Shang-Lien Lo , Shiow-Mey Liou, Yu-Yun Lin
• Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
• National Taiwan University

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Introduction

• The environmental index of Taiwan has
  been proceeding by EPA for many years.
• The most widely used are PSI, RPI, CTSI, etc.
• It was also monitoring the quality of environment
  state, such as noise, solid waste
  treatment, and drinking water quality.
• Since each index is not comprehensive
  enough, the whole scheme of assessment system
  should be constructed to connect the
  correlation between indicators and assess the
  sustainability of national development.

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• The assessment of environmental quality has been
  faced the problem of integrating information
  while in comprehensive assessment, because it
  cannot be accomplished by individual indicators.
• The development of information aggregating could
  be led the assessment in a big progress.
• In this research, the assessment of
  sustainable development was proceeding with
  transferring the raw data into
  sub-indices ( quality value ), classifying
  each category objectively, and
  eventually developing a systematic framework
  of index assessment.

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Developing Process of Indicators

• In the first year, the primary system of
  indicators has been completed, based on the
  earlier researches, and the conceptions of
  residuals, material or energy left over from
  the various consumptive and productive
  activities.
• The environmental quality was divided into 9
  categories climate change, air quality, acid
  rain, freshwater quality, coastal areas
  quality, soil quality, solid waste
  management, noise, and nuclear waste.
• Then 20 domestic experts and scholars were
  invited to provide their suggestions of
  indicators (parameters and items were included)
  and these categories.

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• In the second year, the meaning and availability
  of indicators have been reviewed.
• The completeness of data, availability, indicator
  correlation, and the possibility of
  indicator combination were taken into
  consideration.
• Finally, the system was combined into
  3 categories atmosphere quality, water
  quality, and land quality, and the
  indicators were revised from 19 to 13.

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Table 1. The amendment and modification of
environmental state categories
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Table 2. The amendment and modification of
environmental state indicators (1)
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Table 2. The amendment and modification of
environmental state indicators (2)
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• The rational and the information gathering
  results of indicators have been examined and
  revised in the third year. The coordination of
  indicators and categories were built.
• Moreover after seeking the recognition of
  officials, experts and publics, the calculation
  of the individual indicators was studied.

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Figure 1. The causality of environmental state
indicators system
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Method Framework of Indicators

• Indicators information gathers from three
  sources
• 1. Official data, such as Percentage of days
  with PSI under 100, Environmental noise qualified
  percentage.
• 2. Coordinate and aggregate the relativity of
  indicators, for example Solid waste recycling
  and reuse, The area of soil polluted by heavy
  metal.
• 3. Others, assessment and integration of
  parameters, for example Groundwater quality
  index, Costal areas quality.

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Table 3. The calculation feasibility(1)
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Table 3. The calculation feasibility(2)
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Meaning present of indicatorsAtmosphere quality
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• While environmental quality was paid
  much attention by publics, the government
  precedes the pollution control. As the result,
  the emphasis on pollution control was prior
  than prevention in Taiwan.
• Although PSI control and noise quantity
  retain sustainable, atmosphere quality
  could not maintain in an optimum state.
• Atmosphere quality stands in
  sustainable development, only when the pollution
  prevention is prior considered.

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Water quality
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Land quality
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• Government investigated the inspection of heavy
  metal concentration in soils from 1983.
• The heavy metal polluted area above 4th grade
  was 39,953 hectare (ha.) and above 5th grade
  was 959 hectare from the record till 1997.
• One set of data was not enough to assess
  the whole developing tendency of soil
  quality indicator, soil pollution is still an
  acute problem. The soil pollution
  prevention should be proceeded as soon
  as possible.

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Table 4. The meaning present from the indicators

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Conclusion

• The pollution prevention of atmosphere
  and water environments has not been
  developing. The public conceptual are
  staying at a restrict view, caused the
  limitation of pollution improvement.
  Moreover, the restrict view lead the
  sustainable development situation hardly.
• The government devoted to the establishment of
  foundation and legislation since 1997 which
  achieved a remarkable success on solid waste
  management. From the result of analytic data
  , Solid waste management (included Amount of
  unwell-treatment industrial waste and
  Solid waste recycling and reuse) has tended to
  sustainability. It could be concluded that the
  environmental policy takes effect on the quality
  of environment.

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Assessment of Sustainable Development of
Taiwan- Resource State Indicators

• Ling-Ling Lee, Kuo-Jing Wong, Yu-Chang Yang
• Department of Zoology
• National Taiwan University

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Guiding Principle

• Sustainable use of renewable natural resources
• improving efficiency in the use of non-renewable
  resources
• re-using, recycling waste
• Maintaining ecosystem Health
• Marine and coast, forest, agriculture

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Process of selecting indicators

• International SDI model
• land use, forest, agriculture, fisheries and
  marine, water, biodiversity
• Taiwans natural environment and resource state
• Data feasibility

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Taiwans natural environment and resources state

• Island ? marine, coast, fisheries
• Topography ?land use, water, soil
• Diverse habitat types ? biological diversity
• Natural disaster prone ? forest, agriculture,
  ecologically sensitive areas

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Data feasibility

• Preliminary set of indicators
• 8 categories, 16 indicators, 33 variables
• examples of indicators with no or not enough
  data underground water supply, polluted
  agricultural land, etc.
• Final set of indicators
• 4 categories, 8 indicators, 14 variables

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• Indicators of States
• Natural resources and ecosystems

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Indicators of States Natural resources and
ecosystems
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Land Use
Ratio of areas depleted of natural resources
Ratio of natural coastline
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Biological Resources
Forest
Agriculture
Fisheries
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Ecologically Sensitive Area
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Water and Soil
Reduction of reservoir capacity
Siltation
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Trends of indicators
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Conclusion

• Most indicators showed trends of moving away from
  the sustainable direction
• Future work
• revision of indicators
• integration of indicators
• linkage with policy

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Sustainable Development Indicators for
Taiwan-Economic Indicators-Jin-Tan
LiuProfessor of Economics, National Taiwan
UniversityPresented by Wen-Chen ShihProfessor
of Environmental Policy, National Dong-Hwa
University
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How do we develop indicators?

• International SDI
• Characteristics of Taiwan Economy
• Relationship between Economy and Environment
  Ecology
• Establish Economic Pressure Indicators

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International SDI
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Characteristics of Taiwan Economy

• Developing with high GDP growth rate
• Export-orientation and long-term trade surplus
• Development of small- and medium-sized
  enterprises
• Star Industries
• (Textile, Petrochemical, Iron Steel, and
  Electronics Industry)
• Resource-consuming type of industry
• (Hog Raising, Forestry, Petrochemical, Iron
  Steel, and Cement Industry)

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Relationship between Economy and Environment
Ecology

• ?Economic indicators analyze the influence of
  economic activities to environment ecology.
• ?Through these indicators we can realize the
  connection between them.

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The Trend of Indicators
A. Type of Consumption
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B. Structure of Industries
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C. Environment Energy Consumption
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Analysis of Indicators
?Polluting Industries?
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?Energy Usage Efficiency?
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?Personal Vehicles Degree?

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?Cement Consumption?
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Conclusion

• According to Environment Kuznet Curve, there is
  an inverse-U relationship between the national
  income and the degree of deterioration of
  environment.
• Now the national income per capita in Taiwan has
  grown to around 12,000, according to EKC, the
  quality of environment should begin to improve.
• However, if we examine the relation between
  emission of air pollution, amount of solid waste
  collected and national income, the amount of
  solid waste collected per capita per day do not
  decrease as national income increases on the
  contrary, it goes up year by year.

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Sustainable Development Indicators of Taiwan -
Social Pressure Indicators

Chin-Shou Wang Professor of
Sociology, National Tsing-Hua University
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Rationale for Social Sustainability

• POET (Population, Organization, Environment and
  Technology)
• I (Impacts)PAT (Population, Affluence,
  Technology)
• IPACT (Population, Affluence, Consumption,
  Technology)
• I(VCM)A (Value, Consumption, Market,
  Amplifiers)

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Rationale for Social Sustainability

• RSf(OWP)SM (RS Risky Society, O
  Organizational irresponsibility,W Wealth
  distribution, P Personal reflexitivities, SM
  Simple modernization)
• EMf(EPI)/SI (EM Ecological Modernization E
  Green Economy P Policy-oriented Prevention, I
  Impact-predicting SI Super Industrialization)
• SOf(PSAT)/SG (SO Social Pressure P
  Population/Personality S Space A Activities
  T Time SG Social Grammars)

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Sustainability Gap

• Gap on Systems
• Economy, Environment and Society
• GNP Myth
• Gross National Pollution
• Garbage, Noise and Pollution
• NG(Guns)NP(Pollution)
• Gap between GPI and ISEW
• Gap between QOL and Happy Life Expectancy

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Concentric of SD
Society
E
e
S
QOL
economy
Environment
No Justice eSgtE
No Integration egtSgtE
E Oikos
e
S
IJParadigm EgtSgte
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Cultural Luggage as Amplifying Factors Social
Grammars

• Cultural luggage and social grammars
• Father-son axis, Face
• Vertical zoning
• Feng-shui (Geomacy)
• Ecosphy
• Ecological wings with social root
• Theoretical Potential for Oriental Sustainability
• Dish-Long Theory or
• Deep Sustainability Theory

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??(?) Dish-Long Theory or Deep Sustainability
Theory
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Development and Trend of Social Indicators

• Ecological Triangle(PSAT) and PSR
• First Version(Environmental Refugee Social
  Footprint Eco-Watch)
• Second Version(Environmental Alienation Friction
  of Space, Social Anomie, Time Compression)
• Third Version (Structural upgrade)
• Fourth Version (Iceberg)

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STI Iceberg
Sustainability Category (5) Component
(18) Indicator and item (83) Data
Base(including UN 134 indicators)
public
sector
trend
national
international
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Headline IndicatorsSocial Shortness Index (SSI)

• People Environmental Pain Index
• Space Betel-nut planting area
• Activity Pollution appeal cases
• Time Stock turnover rate

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Sustainable Development Indicators for Taiwan
-- Institutional Response
Jiunn-Rong Yeh Professor of Law, National Taiwan
University
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Rationale Institutional Capacity-Building

• Information and Participation
• Information basis
• Local government and public participation

• Allocation of Government Expenditure
• Budget for environment
• RD expenditure

Institutional Capacity-Building

• Organizations and Policies
• Representation of Organizations
• Environmental rationality in policy making

Specific policies
Specific policies
Specific policies
National government level
Local and Social Level
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TrendAs Revealed by Institutional Indicators(1)
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TrendAs Revealed by Institutional Indicators(2)
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TrendAs Revealed by Institutional Indicators(3)
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TrendAs Revealed by Institutional Indicators(4)
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Example 1 RA1- Ratio of the environmental
budget to the total budget

• PSR Response
• Measurement
• environmental budget /total budget
• YEAR 83-88(1994-1999)
• Trend Analysis
• Increase since 1995
• A higher ratio of environmental budget
  indicates that the government and all citizens
  have shown a greater concern about environmental
  issues

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Example 2 RC3 - Percentage of installation of
sewage systems

• PSR Response
• Measurement
• Service population/Total population
• YEAR 87-88(1998-1999)
• Trend Analysis
• Grows in Taipei, while the overall rate of
  sewage system build-up is too low, compared to
  other countries

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Example 3 RC4 - Percentage of utilization of
fishing ports

• PSR Response
• Measurement
• Areas used by registered fishing boats/total
  fishery ports areas
• YEAR 78-86(1989-1997)
• Trend Analysis
• The construction of the many fishery ports
  has not only became a grave waste of resources
  but also brought more serious impact on the
  coastal environment

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Findings

• Since the establishment of the EPA in Taiwan,
  there has been significant improvement in the
  government institutional capacity-building.
• The vitality of local governments and social
  groups in their participation of environmental
  policies outgrows the increase of the budget and
  personnel in the national government.
• However, while the total institutional capacity
  has been strengthened, the decision-making and
  implementation of specific policies have not
  shown satisfactory results, and many policies are
  in effect heading away from sustainability.

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Urban indicators as measurements of Taiwans
sustainability

• Shu-Li Huang
• Graduate Institute of Urban Planning
• National Taipei University

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Urbanization
Per Capita GNP (104US)
100
Urbanization
VS.
VS.
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Urbanization
Pop 2210 6 Area 36,000 Km2
(103)
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Urban Sustainability Indicators

• UNCHS

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Urban Sustainability Indicators

• Seattle(Indicators of Sustainable Community)

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Sustainable Development Indicator (National Level)

• Canada1. Ecological Life-support
• 2. Human Health Well-Being
• 3. Natural Resources
  Sustainability
• 4. Pervasive Influencing Factors
• U.K. (15 Headline Indicators)
• Economic output, Investment, Employment, Poverty,
  Education, Health, Housing, Crime, Climate
  change, Air, Traffic, Rivers, Wildlife, Land use,
  Waste

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Taiwans Sustainability Indicator
Sustainable Taiwan
Island Taiwan
Urban Taiwan
P
S
R
Urban Development
Economic Pressure
Social Stress
Environmental Pollution
Ecological System
Institutional Response
Urban area4416.7Km2(12.26) Urban
population16,751,500(78)
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Framework of Indicators of Urban Taiwan
Economics Production
Social Living
Natural Environment
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Life
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Category of Indicators for Urban Taiwan
Driving Force
State
Response
Production
Living
Environment
Life
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Production
Environment
Living
Life
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Production
Ratio of service industry()
Growth rate of production()
Per capita urban productivity (US/person)
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Living
Urban population
Urban area
Metropolitan population density
of urban population
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Living
vehicle / 1000 persons
person / km
of cars
of motor cycles
efficiency of public transit (person / km)
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Environment
of stream length polluted
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Living
days (PSIgt100)
days exceeding designated noise pollution
standard
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Response to Urban Environmental Management
Ratio of public facility area
Park area per person
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Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
-Response to Urban Environmental Management
of waste water treated
Ratio of accessible water front
Taipei Kaoshiung Taichung Taiwan
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Summary of Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
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Summary of Trend of Taiwans Urban Sustainability
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Island Taiwan VS. Urban Taiwan
Environmental pollution
Production
Ecological system
Institutional response
Life
Living
1988
Economic pressure
Social pressure
1997
Environment
Island Taiwan
Urban Taiwan
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Concluding Remarks

• Urban indicators ? Sustainable Taiwan
• Continuing Research
• Indicator adjustment and Target Setting
• Relationships between urban indicators
• ? policy impact study
• Trade-off analysis between indicators of urban
  Taiwan and Island Taiwan

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Overall Conclusion

• Jiunn-Rong Yeh
• Professor of Law, National Taiwan University

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Research Achievements

• Completion of Sustainable Development Indicators
  for Taiwan and preliminary analysis
• 2. Developing sustainability indicators in
  compliance with the United Nations Mandate
• Characterization of sustainable development
  movement in Taiwan
• 4. Form a Basis for National Initiative
• 5. Part of the analysis could contribute to
  public policy formation
• 6. Enhancement of academic researches and
  international collaboration in sustainable
  development movement
• 7. Concrete example of integration between
  technological and humanity disciplines
• 8. Publications promoting sustainable
  development concepts

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Prospects
Institutionalization
comparison to other countries
central and local sustainability indicator links

Sustainable Development Indicators for Taiwan

• Localization

Internationalization


integrated central and local policies
enhanced participation in international
sustainable development topics
Policy Inputs
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? ?
Thank You