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DILEMMAS OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY IN THE TIME OF THE EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT

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Title: DILEMMAS OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY IN THE TIME OF THE EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT


1
DILEMMAS OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY
IN THE TIME OF THE EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT
  • Tamás Fleischer
  • Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
    Academy of Sciences
  • lthttp//www.vki.hu/tfleischgtlttfleisch_at_vki.hugt

Lecture at the University of Osnabrück
Europäische Integration und gesellschaftlicher
Strukturwandel Osnabrück, 23 June, 2004.
2
Dilemmas of the Central European Transport
Policy in time of EU Enlargement
  • (1) Corridors (TEN) in western Europe were based
    on the internal demand of the area, namely on the
    necessity of the interconnection of well
    developed national networks (Common network to
    the common market)
  • (2) In the eastern part of Europe the starting
    point was external the extension of the TEN
    network toward the east. Their priority is
    exaggerated in countries where internal
    connections also would need enforcement
  • (3) Furthermore, in Hungary interregional
    corridors are planned in a mistaken structure,
    strengthening the earlier single-centred hierarchy

3
Dilemmas of the Central European Transport
Policy in time of EU Enlargement
  • Introduction. The importance of the network
    level approach
  • Spatial dimension of sustainability
  • What do the transport network can do?
  • About the motorway networks
  • Conclusions, summary

4
Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides
temporal relations of sustainability, we also
have to underline the spatial interconnections
  • UN Bruntland report (Our Common Future 1987)
    definition of sustainable development meets the
    needs of the present without compromising the
    ability of future generations to meet their own
    needs
  • The general sustainability approach focus on the
    time dimension of sustainability taking care on
    the environmental conditions of the future
    generations (inter-generation solidarity)
  • Also important to speak about the spatial
    conditions of sustainability as spatial
    solidarity and spatial interdependence - or
    intra-generation solidarity and spatial
    self-defence
  • Inter-generation connection is a one-way
    relation our responsibility for future
    generations, - they cant do anything for us...

5
Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides
temporal relations of sustainability, we also
have to underline the spatial interconnections
  • Intra-generation relation is a two-ways relation
    the activity of others can also effect our
    circumstances and possibilities. We have to
    count on their solidarity, but this is not
    enough, we must also do for defending our
    environment. Sustaining our activity in a
    changing environment out of the solidarity we
    need also a kind of self-defence.
  • The key concept space of places and space of
    flows (Castells, Manuel 1996 The Rise of the
    Network Society - The Information Age). Space of
    places is our physical environment that has
    meaning and importance for us, with its order,
    culture, rules, and internal structures. Space of
    flows is the field of force the effects arriving
    from outside. This latter is not a continuous
    space, but space of individual effects.

6
Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides
temporal relations of sustainability, we also
have to underline the spatial interconnections
  • Sustainability is also a fight for control over
    space out of control over time. Space of places
    must retain its autonomy and its meaning
    independently from the evolution and dynamics of
    the space of flows (Castells)
  • Castells do not want to exclude external impacts
    and do not deny the possibility of internal
    changes, just underlines that too rapid and too
    sudden external effects not serve, but rather
    disintegrate internal relations and structures. -
    defence is needed against.

7
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • Above terms can be translated to economic and
    transport relations using terms as provision,
    (connections of the space of places) and.
    accessibility, through traffic and by-passing.
    (trajectories of the space of flows) (Fleischer
    T. Regions, borders and networks Tér és
    Társadalom 2001/3-4).

Different network relations relative to a region
Source After Plogmann (1980), with own additions
8
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • The existence of a proper internal network is the
    precondition of the harmonised operation of a
    region.
  • A main target of the transport is to make
    prosperous the world of the starting and
    destination points in a region - and not the
    good transport in itself.
  • Importance of the neighbourhood relations and
    embeddedness (agglomerations, clusters etc.).
  • The physical networks of a region reserve the
    paths of earlier connections as a memory, and
    make easier to sustain or create again similar
    relations.gt

9
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The different network patterns of the western and
the eastern side of the Polish railway network
Source Ray, Violette (1991) Borders versus
Networks in Eastern Central Europe. Flux,
Vol.1. No.3.
10
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The 20 of Polish gminas with lowest own income
per capita, 1998
Source Gorzelak G Jalowiecki B (2002)
European Boundaries Unity or Division of the
Continent? Regional Studies, Vol.36. No.4.
11
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • The pattern of the internal structure is
    determining, whether a given region becomes
    prosperous.
  • In case of strictly hierarchical structures the
    nods are in key positions as the flows are not
    able to avoid them. The consequences are
    rigidity, vulnerability and the lack of
    flexibility.
  • The importance of a grid structure is, that
    different points of a region are helped to be at
    a more equal position, that is it decreases (and
    not increases) the differences owing to their
    position.gt

12
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The distinction between centripetal and
centrifugal networks Source Rodrigue, J-P
(1998-2003), Dept. of Economics Geography,
Hofstra University
13
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • The multi-directionality and multi-laterality of
    the accessibility is of basic importance for the
    development of a region.
  • Among the external relations a difference has to
    be taken between large scale backbone relations
    and neighbour (co-operation) relations. (Later is
    an extension of the internal provision relations)
    gt
  • The symmetry or the asymmetry of the impacts
    depend on the difference in the development of
    the interconnected regions. Interconnecting to
    each other developed and less developed regions,
    it is to be considered that what measure and
    tempo of the external changes is bearable for the
    less developed structure.

14
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
Source http//www.khvm.hu/EU-integracio/A_magyaro
rszagi_TINA_halozat/Image11.gif The Helsinki, or
pan-European transport corridors
15
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • Effects of the EU Common Transport Policy (1992)
    on the Eastern region the dominance of the
    space of flows.
  • Hungarian Transport Policy (1996) in spite of
    the well-balanced five strategic objectives, the
    promotion of the integration to the EU has got
    a dominant role - especially in an interpretation
    as if the key element of the integration would be
    the urgent construction of the main corridors.
    This understanding overstresses the interregional
    level of relations (supporter of the space of
    flows) within a multi-layered system at the cost
    of the inter-village and inter-urban relations
    (that is the carrier of the space of places) .

16
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • The through traffic has to be transmitted across
    a region with the minimal possible disturbance of
    the internal circumstances.Central position of a
    country is a positive endowment, similar to those
    kind of advantages as the richness in raw
    materials of a region. Transit cant be excluded
    but- Must make an end of the myth of the
    quantity (more transit- would be more
    benefit)- Better modal split consideration
    necessary in serving the transit,- The through
    and the local interest traffic should be
    separated in its system. (What is happening in
    Hungary is just the opposite gt)

17
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The secondary road network of Hungary reserved
the imprint of the cart tracks connecting
villages
18
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The main road network created a new structure and
interconnected towns to each other
19
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The new inter-regional road system didnt create
a new structure, but has been built on the main
roads
20
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
Hungary plans to lead the transit traffic through
its most heavily loaded areas that would need
rather protection
21
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
The objective is, that the through traffic should
cause but minimal disturbance to the life of the
country in the areas it crosses. Therefore it
should(a) interconnect the border-points given
on the pan-European network, (b) cross the
country with minimal overall length,gt (c) avoid
the ecologically sensitive, the densely
inhabited, the, traffic laden areas, gt(d)
encourage the use of means and modes of transport
that pollute the less, (e) enable the payment
of the costs of transit by those crossing the
country.
22
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • Avoidance of ecologically sensitive areas (or
    sensitive because of traffic or social reason)
    get more and more stress.Example Austrian plan
    to defend the lake Ferto (Neusiedler)Counter
    example construction of the motorways in Hungary
    along the lake Balaton (Plattensee),Planned
    system of pan-European corridors across the area
    of the Hungarian capital.

23
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
Forrás A 8. sz. foút fejlesztési feladatai...
UKIG Hálózatfejlesztési Foosztálya 2000. szept. 13
Helsinki corridors and the additive elements of
the TINA-network
24
What do the transport network can do? Provision,
accessibility, transit, by-passing
  • Model of an effective inter-regional corridor
    system in Hungary

Main elements three east-west corridors, four
north-south corridors and additional rectangular
elements. The model also demonstrate two
sensitive areas, the resort area of lake Balaton
and the conurbation of Budapest as avoidable
zones for transit. Thick line shows the suggested
crossing of the country by the two most important
pan-European corridors (No. 4-and No. 5)
25
A possible inter-regional corridor network
structure in Hungary
26
A possible inter-regional corridor network
structure in Hungary
27
A possible inter-regional corridor network
structure in Hungary
28
A possible inter-regional corridor network
structure in Hungary
Forrás Fleischer Tamás Magyar Emoke Tombácz
Endre Zsikla György (2001) A Széchenyi Terv
autópálya-fejlesztési programjának stratégiai
környezeti hatásvizsgálata. 109 p. A Budapesti
Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem
Környezettudományi Intézetének tanulmányai, 6.
szám. Sorozatszerkeszto Kerekes Sándor és Kiss
Károly. Budapest, 2001 december
29
And the official motorway network development
plan Sztrada express GKM 2003
30
Patkó Károly Útjavítók (1928)
31
Summary of the general findings
  • Among the aspects of a sustainable transport
    system, the lecture picked out those relating to
    a network system.
  • Focusing on the spatial dimension of
    sustainability we stressed the impor-tance of the
    spatial self-defence in calming the effects of
    externally led quick changes. Internal networks,
    internal structure, improvement of spatial
    adaptivity - these are considered to be the
    key-elements of the spatial sustainability.
  • Transport networks have important role in
    reserving the internal structure. Physical
    networks reserve as a memory the structure of
    earlier internal (economic, social) relations,
    and are able to conserve these relations.
  • Now-a-day we see the construction of a new
    relation level. The motorway corridors planned
    actually are not fit to the network requirements
    of the sustainability. Their priority oppresses
    the other elements of a multi-functional and
    multi-layer system beyond that the corridors in
    themselves are planned in a mistaken structure.

32
DILEMMAS OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY
IN THE TIME OF THE EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT
THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !
  • Tamás Fleischer
  • Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
    Academy of Sciences
  • lthttp//www.vki.hu/tfleischgtlttfleisch_at_vki.hugt

Lecture at the University of Osnabrück
Europäische Integration und gesellschaftlicher
Strukturwandel Osnabrück, 23 June, 2004.
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