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Stability Operations

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Title: Stability Operations


1
Stability Operations Support Operations
  • FM 3-07 (100-20)
  • DTD February 2002

2
Three Block War
"In one moment in time, our service members will
be feeding and clothing displaced refugees -
providing humanitarian assistance. In the next
moment, they will be holding two warring tribes
apart - conducting peacekeeping operations.
Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal
mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all
within three city blocks. It will be what we
call the three block war." - General Charles C.
Krulak, USMC
3
Terminal Learning Objective
  • Action Describe the SOSO Environment
  • Conditions Given a guided classroom discussion
    and access to the appropriate publications.
  • Standards Described the SOS Environment

4
Stability / SupportOperations
  • Stability promote and protect US national
    interests by influencing the threat, political,
    and information dimensions of the operational
    environment ...
  • Support employ Armed Forces to assist civil
    authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare
    for or respond to crises and relieve suffering

5
It is the intent of Congress to provide an Army
that is capable of ...
  • Preserving peace and security, and providing for
    the defense of the US, the Territories,
    Commonwealths, possessions, and any areas
    occupied by the US
  • Supporting the national policies
  • Implementing the national objectives
  • Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive
    acts that imperil the peace and security of the US

6
Stability Operations(Ten Broad Types)
  • Peace Operations
  • Foreign Internal Defense
  • Security Assistance
  • Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
  • Support to Insurgencies
  • Support to Counterdrug Operations
  • Combating Terrorism
  • Non-Combatant Evacuation
  • Arms Control
  • Show of Force

7
Support Operations(Two Broad Types)
  • Domestic Support Operations
  • Foreign Humanitarian Assistance

Relief Operations Support to WMD
Incidents Support to Civil Law Enforcement Communi
ty Assistance
8
History(1866-1999)
  • Indian Wars
  • Philippines
  • Haiti
  • Germany
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Lebanon
  • Dominican Republic
  • Sinai
  • Northern Iraq
  • Cambodia
  • Somalia
  • Rwanda
  • Haiti
  • Peru-Ecuador
  • East Timor

Since 1990 there have been 30 Operations
conducted
9
Current Operations
  • Sinai (MFO) 1982-?
  • Kuwait (Southern Watch) 1991-?
  • Macedonia 1992-?
  • Croatia (Provide Promise) 1992-?
  • Kuwait (Vigilant Warrior) 1994-?
  • Haiti 1994-?
  • Bosnia 1995-?
  • Kosovo 1999-?

10
Stability Operations
11
Planning Considerations
12
Planning Considerations
13
Planning Considerations
14
Foreign Internal Defense
  • Categories
  • Indirect Support - military exchange programs,
    joint and multinational exercises, security
    assistance
  • Direct Support - civil military operations,
    intelligence and communications sharing,
    logistics support
  • Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN
    forces can stabilize
  • Counterinsurgency
  • HN Security Force Operations - protect / isolate
    the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize
    / defeat the guerrilla forces
  • The Role of the US Army - centers on
    administering and execute security assistance
    programs
  • Planning Considerations

15
There is another type of warfare - new in its
intensity, ancient in its origin - war by
guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins
war by ambush instead of by combat, by
infiltration instead of aggression, seeking
victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy
instead of engaging him It prays on unrest
Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader
role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an
army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our
adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our
determination to support them.John F. Kennedy
16
Peace Operations
  • Forms of Peace Operations
  • Peacekeeping
  • Peace Enforcement
  • Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts
  • Concept of Employment
  • Fundamentals of Peace Operations
  • Command and Control
  • Intelligence
  • Information Operations
  • Civil Law and Order
  • Logistics
  • Force Protection

17
Peace Operations
  • The broad term peace operations encompasses
    peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement
    operations conducted in support of diplomatic
    efforts to establish and maintain peace.
  • The US Army will participate in PO, either as
    part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or
    unilaterally.

18
Peacekeeping
  • Observation Missions - primarily performed by
    unarmed military observers
  • observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting
    any alleged violation of the governing agreements
  • investigation alleged cease-fire violations,
    boundary incidents, and complaints
  • conducting regular liaison visits within the
    operational area
  • verifying the storage or destruction of certain
    categories of military equipment specified in the
    relevant agreements

19
Peacekeeping
  • Supervision and Assistance - lightly armed forces
  • supervising cease-fires
  • supervising disengagement's and withdrawals
  • supervising prisoner of war exchanges
  • assisting civil authorities
  • providing military support to elections
  • assisting in the maintenance of public order
  • assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance
    operations

20
Peace Enforcement
  • Normally conducted in several phases
  • Phase I
  • insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to
    establish a significant and visible military
    presence
  • Subsequent Phases
  • stabilizing the area and transitioning from a
    military presence to support for the development
    of a competent civil authority

21
Peace Enforcement(subordinate operations)
  • Forcible Separation of Belligerents
  • separate belligerents
  • disarm belligerents
  • demobilization
  • internment/resettlement operations
  • Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas
  • demilitarize areas that may contain residents,
    refugees, or displaced persons

22
Peace Enforcement (subordinate operations)
  • Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement
  • Movement Denial and Guarantee
  • Restoration and Maintenance of Order
  • Protection of Humanitarian Assistance

23
Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts
  • Preventive diplomacy
  • Peacemaking
  • Peace building

24
Concept of Employment
  • Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight.
    Identify the early symptoms and attempt
    resolution, usually before the situation attracts
    the attention of the international media

25
Fundamentals of Peace Operations
  • Consent
  • Impartiality
  • Transparency
  • Restraint
  • Credibility
  • Freedom of Movement
  • Flexibility
  • Civil-Military Operations
  • Legitimacy
  • Perseverance

26
Command and Control
  • Command Relations
  • Coordination

Its all about trust -- up, down, and all
around. MG C.F. Ernst
27
Intelligence
  • Human Intelligence
  • Intelligence synchronization
  • Tactical tailoring
  • Broadcast dissemination
  • Functions
  • Indications and Warning
  • Preparation of the Battlefield
  • Situational Development
  • Targeting and target Development
  • Support for Force Protection

28
Information Operations
  • Nature and Fundamentals
  • The commander takes the lead
  • Support IO with intelligence
  • Establish and sustain an integrated team approach
  • Anticipate and respond with speed, accuracy, and
    truth
  • Involve every soldier
  • Maintain transparency
  • Gain and maintain access to the information
    environment
  • Prepare for IO before development

29
Civil Law and Order
  • Police - the HN or responsible international
    authority requests introducing civilian police
    and establishing a police training element
  • Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable
    judicial system with JAG and CA support
  • Penal - establish and run temporary confinement
    facilities until civilian agencies take the lead
    if necessary
  • War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the
    principles and spirit of the law of war to the
    extent practical and feasible even when the
    state of war does not exist

30
  • Logistics
  • Rapid C2 and logistics planning capability
  • Strategic and tactical airlift
  • Emergency infrastructure repair support (port,
    airfield, road)
  • Force Protection
  • Consistent with the risk assessment
  • Maintaining neutrality and transparency in
    operations enhances force protection

31
Additional Stability Operations
  • Security assistance - Equipment, Services,
    Training, Types of programs assisted, and
    Agencies Organizations
  • Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical,
    construction of rudimentary surface
    transportation systems, well drilling, etc.
  • Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing,
    training, linkups, subversion, sabotage
  • Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and
    monitoring, host nation support, command,
    control, reconnaissance
  • Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and
    antiterrorism
  • Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as
    Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983 getting
    evacuees to safehavens
  • Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or
    deter war
  • Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or
    military forces, combined training exercises,
    increase in readiness status

32
Support Operations
33
Support Operations
  • Domestic Support Operations
  • Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
  • Forms of Support Operations

34
Domestic Support Operations
  • Domestic Emergencies - affect the public welfare
    and occur within the 50 states or US possessions
    and territories
  • Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense
    retains approval authority for support to civil
    authorities
  • Federal Response Plan - President declares a
    major disaster

35
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
  • Conducted to relieve or reduce the results of
    natural or manmade disasters or other endemic
    conditions such as human suffering, disease, or
    privation that might present a serious threat to
    life or that can result in great damage to or
    loss of property

36
Forms of Support Operations
  • Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the
    effects of natural or manmade disasters
  • Support to domestic CBRNE consequence management
    - assist local authorities
  • Support to civil law enforcement -
    counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil
    disturbance
  • Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the
    needs and interests of America and local
    communities

37
FM 3-07 Annexes
  • A. Interagency Coordination
  • B. The Law in SASO
  • C. Rules of Engagement
  • D. Characteristics of Insurgency
  • E. Negotiation
  • F. Refugees and Displaced Persons

38
Interagency Coordination
  • US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission
    capable interoperable among all elements of US
    Services and selected foreign militaries and
    able to coordinate operations with other agencies
    of government and some civil institutions.

Annex A
39
Interagency Coordination
  • National Level - The National Security Council
    (NSC) advises and assists the President in
    integrating all aspects of the national security
    policy
  • Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response
    Plan, State Local Authorities provide disaster
    assistance to support civil authorities
    responding to domestic emergencies

Annex A
40
Interagency Coordination
  • Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept.
    of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for
    International Development, Non-governmental
    Organizations, Regional International
    Organizations
  • Conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and
    executive and other agreements to which the US is
    a party relevant statute law relevant federal
    and agency regulations

Annex A
41
Interagency Coordination
  • Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates
    the coordination of activities of military forces
    with US Government agencies
  • Liaison - maintains contact and communication
    between elements of military forces and other
    agencies

Annex A
42
Law in SASO
  • Legal and Regulatory Considerations
  • Posse Comitatus Act
  • Title 10 USC
  • Foreign Assistance Act
  • Economy Act
  • Title 32 USC
  • Appropriations and Authorization Acts
  • Fiscal Law
  • Executive Orders
  • Law of Armed Conflict
  • International Agreements
  • Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act
  • Applicable Bodies of Law
  • International Law
  • US Law
  • Host Nation Law

Annex B
43
  • War Powers Resolution - requires the President to
    consult with and report to Congress when
    introducing US Armed Forces
  • Into hostilities
  • Into imminent involvement in hostilities
  • Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat
  • In numbers that increase the number of US forces
    equipped for combat in a foreign country
  • Claims Administration - occasions of personal
    injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by
    the foreign government
  • Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control
    Agents - need prior presidential approval

Annex B
44
Rules of Engagement
  • ROE provide guidance regarding the use of force
    by commanders and individuals based on three
    types of considerations operational
    requirements, policy, and law

Annex C
45
Rules of Engagement
  • Self Defense - in all situations, soldiers and
    commanders use force based on necessity and
    proportionality
  • An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that
    are
  • Understandable
  • Tactically sound
  • Legally sufficient
  • Responsive

Annex C
46
Rules of Engagement
  • The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US
    forces provided by the joint chiefs of staff
  • Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the
    four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate,
    and train methodology to incorporate ROE in
    military operations

Annex C
47
Rules of Engagement Considerations
  • International Law
  • Operational concerns
  • Commanders intent
  • Threat
  • Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force
  • Legal requirements
  • US policy

Annex C
48
Characteristics of Insurgency
  • Leadership
  • Ideology
  • Objectives
  • Environment and Geography
  • External Support
  • Phasing and Timing
  • Organizational and Operational Patterns

Insurgency is not simply random political
violence it is directed and focused political
violence
Annex D
49
Negotiation
  • Considerations
  • Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum
  • Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion
  • Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement
  • Be attuned to cultural difference
  • Procedures
  • Establish communications
  • Identify common ground on which to build dialogue
  • Consider cultural implications
  • Set clear goals and objectives
  • Develop a plan and diagram the results of
    analysis
  • Determine composition of negotiating team and
    decision making mechanisms
  • Establish the venue
  • Implementation
  • Training - essential for military officers in
    SASO needing a conceptual foundation in conflict
    management and resolution

Annex E
50
Refugees and Displaced Persons
  • Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner
    for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and
    assist these refugees and asylum seekers
  • Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally
    Displaced Persons
  • Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect
    the prohibition against forcible return and
    protect refugees
  • Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to
    support international organizations
  • Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival,
    asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc.
  • Special Considerations - women, children,
    elderly, etc.

Annex F
51
Summary
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