Evaluation of novel woodrotting polypores and corticioid fungi for the decay and biopulping of Norwa

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Evaluation of novel wood-rotting polypores and
corticioid fungi for the decay and biopulping of
Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood

• Hakala et al 2004
• EnzMicrobTechnol 34,255-63
• Kerry Sproule, presenter

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Wood is a high calorie carbon source, composed of

• cell walls ? interpenetrating matrix of cellulose
  and hemicelluloses
• cellulose ? homopolymer of glucose
• hemicellulose ? heteropolymer of a mixture of
  sugars
• lignin ? generic name for complex aromatic
  polymers
• product of free-radical polymerization
• major component of vascular tissues
• together with hemicellulose, it fills the spaces
  between cellulose fibrils, coating the
• lignin physically protects the polysaccharides
  from attack by cellulases and hemicellulases

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White vs brown rot
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White vs Brown Rotters

• Cellulose sparing
• Oxidases
• Intolerant of low pH
• Tolerant of high pH

• Lignin sparing
• No Oxidases
• Tolerant of low pH
• Intolerant of high pH

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Decomposition, recycling, spoilage

• Lignin degradation
• Peroxidases
• Lignases
• Laccases
• Chemical attack on polymer (peroxidases) followed
  by specific attack (lignases, laccases)

angiosperm
gymnosperm
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Laccase
http//lioroux.free.fr/

• Multicopper oxidases

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For every km of paved road in Washington State, gt
7 km of unpaved roads Estimated cost of
decommissioning 6k - 180k per km
This and subsequent Myco-remediation images from
Fungi Perfecti www.fungi.com
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Adding grass seed to logging roads doesnt work
efficiently
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Value of mycoremediation

• Sediment containment
• reduction of siltation/erosion into streams ?
  spawning grounds fisheries
• Moisture enhancement
• restoration of aquifer function (allowing
  subsurface sheet flows of water)
• re-moistening of arid landscapes
• Habitat recovery Enhancement
• re-establishing native mycoflora (mycorrhizae
  saprophytic, soil building)
• Reduction/elimination of Hydrocarbon
  contamination
• reduction of diesel, oil, herbicides, pesticides,
  other pollutants
• Reduction/elimination of damaging downstream
  microorganisms
• mycofiltration of coliform bacterial, E. coli,
  Pfisteria, protozoa
• Temperature reduction
• cooling of water flowing into streams ? fisheries
  marine systems

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Mycoremediation

• Minimal disturbance
• low impact on existing adjacent ecosystems
• Subsurface penetration by mycelium
• Subsurface growth of mycelium ? mineral
  transport, aeration, without siltation flow
• Aesthetic enhancement
• roads transformed into nature trails multi-use
  access
• Educational showcase
• accessible educational showcase for habitat
  restoration
• Bad bugs/Good bugs
• breeding ground for grubs ? fish food chain
• mycopesticidal barriers for wood boring beetles
  disease insects
• breeding grounds for beneficial bugs
• Investment Protection
• road subsurface can be re-used in future

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Mycoremediation of logging roads Fungi Perfecti

• Hog-fuel' (bark and wood chips) onto logging
  roads
• inoculate debris with mycelia of a mosaic of
  keystone native fungal species
• Funguswood chips prevent silt-flow through the
  natural filtration properties of mycelial
  networks
• renew topsoils, spurring the growth of native
  flora

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8-30 cm straw woodchips Pleurotus ostreatus
inoculum
Pleurotus ostreatus is a native saprophytic
species, easy to amplify in culture 4 weeks
later
Pleurotus ostreatus
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3 years later - abundant mycelium from mixed
species - new soil formation
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After mycoremediation
4 years, 2-5cm soil
5 years
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Using fungi for nutritional improvement

• plant proteins are often relatively low in
  essential amino acids like lysine which are
  relatively enriched in fungi
• fungal enrichment improves flavour, texture,
  nutritional value
• uses naturally occurring fungi, or those
  inoculated deliberately

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Modified forage

• 2.1 x 1012 kg per year cereal straw, sugarcane
  and sugar beet residue contains nutrients,
  primarily as cellulose and lignins
• low digestibility (40-60) even for herbivores
• generally subsistence nutrition, but leads to low
  growth rates, and need for feed supplements

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Tempeh traditional

• Used for food and feed
• Modifying agricultural waste ? materials that do
  not have economic value by direct use, or for
  conversion by animals into valuable products
• Undigestible carbohydrates are wrapped in large
  leaves (banana) and left 1-2 d for solid
  fermentation

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Tempeh solid fermentation
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Tempeh

• soybeans are boiled and dehulled
• Rhizopus oligosporus grows lt 24 h, creating a
  solid cake of hyphae/beans
• Traditionally, tempeh is stored wrapped in banana
  leaves, and eaten soon
• growth is halted (cooking, freezing) before
  sporulation begins

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Tempeh commercial

• Soybeans are made more digestible by lipases and
  proteases secreted by Rhizopus,as well as fungal
  components
• Fungi provide complete protein