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Title: Der%20vernetzte%20Mensch.%20Ethische%20Aspekte%20von%20ICT-%20Implantaten%20im%20menschlichen%20K


1
Der vernetzte Mensch.Ethische Aspekte von ICT-
Implantaten im menschlichen Körper
  • Rafael Capurro
  • Hochschule der Medien (Stuttgart)
  • www.capurro.de
  • European Group on Ethics in Science and New
    Technologies (EGE) de la Comisión Europea EGE
    Opinion, March 16, 2005
  • http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
    dex_en.htm

2
Übersicht
  • The European Group on Ethics in Science and New
    Technologies (EGE)
  • ICT-Implantate
  • Ethische Aspekte

3
The European Group on Ethics (EGE)
  • The EGE is an independent, pluralist and
    multitisciplinary body which advises the European
    Commission on ethical aspects of science and new
    technologies in connection with the preparation
    and implementation of Community legislation or
    policies.

4
EGE Members (2001-2005)
  1. Prof. Göran HERMERÉN (Sweden), President,
    Philosopher, Professor of Medical Ethics, Faculty
    of Medicine, Lund University. 
  2. Prof. Linda NIELSEN (Denmark), Vice-President,
    Professor of Law, Rector of the University of
    Copenhagen.  Prof. Nicos C. ALIVIZATOS (Greece),
    Professor of Constitutional Law, University of
    Athens.  Prof. Rafael CAPURRO (Germany),
    Professor of Information Management and
    Information Ethics at University of Applied
    Sciences.  Prof. Inez DE BEAUFORT (The
    Netherlands), Professor of Health Care Ethics at
    the Medical Faculty of the Erasmus University,
    Rotterdam.  Prof. Yvon ENGLERT (Belgium), Head
    of Fertility Clinic, Free University of Brussels
    (ULB), Professor of Medical Ethics and
    Deontology, ULB.  Prof. Catherine LABRUSSE-RIOU
    (France), Centre de recherche en droit privé,
    Université de Paris.  Dr. Anne McLAREN (United
    Kingdom), Geneticist, Research Associate at
    Wellcome CRC Institute, Cambridge.  Prof. Pere
    PUIGDOMÈNECH ROSELL (Spain), Research Professor
    at the Department for Molecular Genetics,
    Director of Institut de Biologia Molecular de
    Barcelona, CSIC  Prof. Stefano RODOTA (Italy),
    Professor of Civil Law, University of Rome,
    Chairman of the Italian Data Protection
    Authority, Chairman of the European Group of the
    Data Protection Authorities.  Prof. Günter VIRT
    (Austria), Professor of Theology, Institute of
    Catholic Moral Theology, University of Vienna. 
    Prof. Peter WHITTAKER (Ireland), Biologist,
    Professor of Biology, Institute of Environment,
    Philosophy and Public Policy, University of
    Lancaster, Furness College. 

5
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6
EGE Secretariat
  • Dr. Michael D. Rogers, European Commission, BERL
    10/345,  rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels,
    Belgium.
  • EGE-Website europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_eth
    ics 
  • EGE-Newsletter "Ethically Speaking" providing
    also information on the activities of the
    National Ethics Committees.

7
Opinions 2001-2005
  • Opinion n. 16 (2002)Ethical aspects of patenting
    inventions involving human stem cells
  • Opinion n. 17 (2003)Ethical aspects of clinical
    research in developing countries
  • Opinion n. 18 (2003)Ethical aspects of genetic
    testing in the workplace
  • Opinion n. 19 (2004)Ethical aspects of cord
    blood stem cells banks
  • Opinion n. 20 (2005)Ethical Aspects of ICT
    implants in the human body

8
ICT-Implantate
  • Implantable devices can be categorised as
  • medical
  • non-medical
  • Both as
  • passive
  • active
  • Reversible or non reversible
  • Stand-alone or online
  • ICT implants and tags

9
Implantate für medizinische Zwecke
  • Most passive implants are structural devices such
    as
  • artificial joints
  • vascular implants
  • artificial valves
  • Active medical implantable devices Directive
    90/385/EEC

10
Aktive medizinische ICT- Implantate
  • Cardiovascular pacers for patients with
    conduction disorders or heart failure
  • Cochlear and brainstem implants for patients with
    hearing disorders
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • for tremor control in patients with Parkinson's
    disease
  • for essential tremor
  • for obsessive-compulsive disorders
  • Implantable Neurostimulation Devices
  • Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain
    management
  • Sacral nerve stimulation for control of urinary
    incontinence
  • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for seizure control
    in epilepsy and mood control in severe depression
    cases
  • Implantable programmable drug delivery pumps
  • Intrathecal administration of Baclofen for
    patients with Multiple Sclerosis with severe
    spasticity
  • Insulin pump for Diabetes

11
Künftige medizinische Anwendungen
  • Artificial vision
  • Cortical implant for the blind bypassing the
    non-working retina or optic nerve
  • BioMEMS Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems /
    Biosensors on the order of size of a human red
    blood cell
  • collect data about the physiological parameters,
    communicate with an external diagnostic computer
    system (drug release, blood analysis, recovering
    cancer patients)
  • Direct Brain Control BCI (Brain Computer
    Interfaces) BrainGate www.cyberkineticsinc.com
  • Memory BrainChip (artificial hippocambus) an
    implantable brain chip could restore or enhance
    memory

12
The Dobelle Institute (Portugal)
  • www.artificialvision.com

13
Weitere medizinische Anwendungen
  • The German company Otto Bock Healthcare produces
    prostheses like the C-Leg which is a
    chip-controlled leg. See http//www.ottobock.de/d
    e

14
Nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • Passive devices An example of a passive device
    is the radio frequency identification (RFID)
    device.
  • Active devices use electrical impulses to
    interact with the humans nervous system.

15
Baja Beach Club
  • http//www.bajabeach.es/
  • Somos la primera discoteca del mundo en ofrecer
    el VIP VeriChip. Mediante un chip digital
    integrado, nuestros VIPs pueden identificarse
    como tal, así como pagar sus consumiciones sin la
    necesidad de aportar ningún tipo de documento.

16
Baja Beach Club
  • El objetivo de esta tecnología es llevar un
    sistema de identificación a nivel mundial que
    anule la necesidad de llevar documento de
    identidad y tarjeta de crédito. El Verichip que
    implantaremos en el Baja, no será sólo para el
    Baja, también es útil para cualquier otra empresa
    que haga uso de esta tecnología.

17
Baja Beach Club
18
Human bar coding
  • The VeriChip
  • What?
  • RFIDRadio Frequency Identification Device
  • Passive ID tag
  • Contains an unique ID number
  • How does it work?
  • Energized by a scanner (RF)
  • Emits a radio signal
  • Transmits ID number to a Database via phone or
    Internet
  • Current applications (FDA approval in 2004)
  • Medical records (blood type, potencial allergies,
    medical history)
  • Personal information
  • Financial information

19
The VeriChip
  • VeriChip is a subdermal, radio frequency
    identification (RFID) device, about the size of a
    grain of rice. This technology, developed by
    Applied Digital Solutions (ADS), one US-based
    company, has been used in animals for years and
    seems fairly harmless.
  • Extending the use to the human population is the
    next step.
  • The idea for employing the tags to identify
    humans came after the horror of the Sept. 11,
    2001, attacks on the World Trade Centre and the
    Pentagon.
  • The chip is an ID tag which is passive (not
    independently powered). When radio-frequency
    energy passes from a scanner, it energizes the
    chip, and which then emits a radio-frequency
    signal transmitting the chip's information to the
    reader, which in turn links with a database.

20
Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • Experiments as reported by Kevin Warwick
    (Department of Cybernetics,University of Reading,
    UK)
  • In Mexico (August 2004) microchips were implanted
    in the arms of the Fiscal General and 160
    Fiscals employees to control their access to a
    confidential documentation centre and possibly
    track them in case of kidnapping.

21
Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • The UK Prime Minister announced (August 2004) a
    programme whereby the five thousand dangerous UK
    criminals would be tagged with electronic
    devices and thereby tracked continuously.

22
Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • In the Japanese prefecture of Wakayama (Osaka)
    children will use RFID-labels for entering school
    (2004).
  • TraceCare (Wiesbaden, Germany) offers devices
    that allow to find the position of a person via
    internet through a Global Positioning System
    (GPS).

23
Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • The Bavarian company Ident Technology offers
    tracking devices using the human body
    (particularly the skin) as digital data
    transmitter. See http//www.ident-technology.com

24
Weitere nicht-medizinische Anwendungen
  • Microsoft patent Number 6,754,472 June 22, 2004
    concerns the human body as a medium for
    transmission of data (or energy) to other
    devices like PDAs, cellular phones, medical
    devices, RFID, making possible to localize
    persons. The patent does not describe any
    specific device.

25
Digital angel
  • Integration and miniaturization of three
    technologies www.digitalangel.com
  • Biosensor read a persons vital signs by
    touching the skin (implanted into a wristwatch)
  • Pager device takes the data from the biosensor
    by using a cellular packet module
  • Position location technology using radio signal
    to stay in contact with a persons pager device
  • -gt this information is sent through cellular data
    packets to a data centre (Digital Angel)
  • -gt The first Digital Angel was launched in
    November 2001
  • -gt Medical emergency purposes
  • -gt Identification/Location purposes

26
Rechtlicher Hintergrund Menschenwürde
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000
  • Convention on Human Rigts and Biomedicine of the
    Council of Europe
  • EU Directives
  • European Constitution, National Constitutions
  • -gt providing that the human body and its parts
    shall not give rise to financial gain (Principle
    of human dignity)

27
Ethische Aspekte
  • Anthropologischer Hintergrund
  • Die Einheit von biologischen und psychischen
    Funktionen
  • Körper/Leib und Umwelt
  • Soziale Aspekte
  • Kulturelle Aspekte

28
Ethische Aspekte
  • Grundlegende ethische Prinzipien
  • Menschenwürde
  • Privatheit
  • Autonomie
  • Vertraulichkeit
  • Ethische Konflikte Freiheit vs. Sicherheit
    Gesundheit vs. Überwachung

29
Ethische Aspekte
  • Bei medizinischen Anwendungen
  • Verbot von eugenischen Praktiken
  • Einwilligung des Patienten (informed consent)
  • Kein Profit mit dem menschlichen Körper oder mit
    Teilen des menschlichen Körpers

30
Ethische Aspekte
  • Bei nicht-medizinischen Anwendungen
  • Strikte (rechtliche) Einschränkung
  • Praktiken des Ausschlusses
  • Praktiken der Beherrschung
  • Praktiken der Überwachung
  • -gt Wie weit führen ICT-Implantaten zu einer
    Überwachungsgesellschaft bzw. wie weit erweitern
    sie menschliche Freiheit?

31
Ethische Aspekte
  • Läßt sich die menschliche Natur verbessern?
  • Was bedeutet verbessern?
  • Was bedeutet Perfektibilität?
  • Führen ICT-Implantate zu neuen Formen von
    Rassismus? Die post-human Debatte.
  • Wo liegt die Grenze zwischen therapeutischen und
    nicht-therapeutischen Anwendungen?

32
Weiterführende Literatur
  • EGE Opinion No. 20Ethical Aspects on ICT
    Implants in the Human Body, March 16, 2005
  • http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
    dex_en.htm
  • EGE Roundtable Debate on Ethical Aspects of ICT
    Implants in the Human Body, December 21, 2004
  • http//europa.eu.int/comm/european_group_ethics/in
    dex_en.htm
  • Zum Verhältnis zwischen Ethik, Forschung und
    Politik vgl. v.Vf.
  • Ethics and Public Policy within a Digital
    Environment. In I. Alvarez, T. W. Bynum, J.A. de
    Assis Lopes, S. Rogerson (Eds.) The
    Transformation of Organisations in the
    Information Age Social and Ethical Implications,
    ETHICOMP 2002, Lisboa 2002, 319-327. Online
    http//www.capurro.de/ethicomp02.html
  • Ethics Between Law and Public Policy. In Journal
    of International Biotechnology Laws (JIBL) Vol.
    1, Issue 2 / 2004, 62-66.Online
    http//www.degruyter.de/rs/280_7046_DEU_h.htm
  • Ethik in Europa zwischen Forschung und Politik.
    In Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen ed.
    Jahrbuch 2002/2003, 200-211.
  • Online http//www.capurro.de/wznrw.html
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