Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
A 5 solution of glucose, a carbohydrate also
known as dextrose and blood sugar, supplies the
body with energy as it flows intravenously into
the bloodstream.
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Carbohydrates
The body maintains a concentration of 0.06 to
0.11 wt. glucose in the blood.
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Carbohydrates
Polyhydroxy (alcohols) aldehydes or
ketones. Composed of only C, H, and O H to O
ratio is always 21
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Carbohydrates
glucose
fructose
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Carbohydrates
aldehyde
glucose
fructose
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Carbohydrates
aldehyde
ketone
glucose
fructose
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Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - simplest carbohydrates Disaccha
ride - composed of two monosaccharides Polysaccha
rides - composed of chains of hundreds of
monosaccharides
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Types of Carbohydrates
Aldoses - a monosaccharide containing an
aldehyde Ketose - a monosaccharide containing a
ketone Hexose - a monosaccharide containing six
carbons Pentose - a monosaccharide containing
five carbons
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Carbohydrates
glucose
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Carbohydrates
An aldose A hexose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
An aldohexose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
fructose
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Carbohydrates
A ketose A pentose
fructose
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Carbohydrates
A ketopentose
fructose
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
A carbon with four different groups
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Carbohydrates
The carbon has four different groups is special
Glyceraldehyde stereochemistry
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Chirality
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Chirality
mirror
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Chirality
Any tetrahedral carabon bonded to four different
groups is NOT superimposable on its mirror image.
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Chirality
mirror
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Chirality
These molecules are called chiral molecules
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Chirality
These molecules are called chiral molecules and
are isomers of each other. They are enantiomers
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Fischer projections
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Fischer projections
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Optical Activity
A single enantiomer has the property of
rotating polarized light.
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Ordinary Light
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Polarized Light
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Polarized Light
Reflected glare is plane polarized light
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Polarized Sunglasses
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Polarized Sunglasses
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Polarimeter and optical activity
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Polarimeter and optical activity
Enantiomers rotate light either right
(dextrorotatory) Or left (levorotatory)
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Polarimeter and optical activity
Enantiomers rotate light either right
(dextrorotatory) 0r left (levorotatory). A
polarimeter measures the amount of rotation.
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Polarimeter and optical activity
Enantiomers rotate light either clockwise
(dextrorotatory) or counterclockwise
(levorotatory). A polarimeter measures the
amount of rotation.  Molecules that rotate light
are optically active
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Optical activity of sugars
Almost all naturally occuring glucose is
dextrorotatory and is classified as ()
gluose Naturally occuring fructose is
levoroatory and is (-) fructose