China

1
China

• From empire to republic

2
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

• Manchu nomadic invaders
• Originally stabilized China
• Ruled for 300 years
• Ended with the Chinese Revolution of 1911

3
Qing Dynasty

• Retained
• Scholar gentry
• Ethnic Chinese admitted to imperial govt
• Civil service exams
• Confucian social hierarchy
• Patriarchal authority (though widows could
  remarry)

4
Qing Dynasty

• Tried to help peasants, but dramatic increase in
  population led to all sorts of problems
• Famine
• Civil unrest
• banditry

5
Opium War (1839-1841)

• Tension between China and the West
• Emperor Qianlong called the King George III a
  barbarian rejected trade goods
• English refused to honor the emperor
• Economic interest for English involvement
• Tea
• East India Company

6
Opium War

• Tea
• English wanted it had nothing that China needed
• Woolens, clocks, music boxes, curios
• They had a colony in India!
• East India Company traded goods from India to
  China?cotton didnt reach high enough sales
  opium was the answer

7
Opium War
8
Opium War

• Effects of opium trade in China
• Health problem
• 1820s and 30s, silver leaving China destabilized
  the currency?fiscal problem
• 1834 abolishment of the EICs monopoly increased
  the opium trade (hooray for Smithians!)
• British antagonism

9
Opium War

• Effects in China
• British antagonism
• Official British representative in China (not
  EIC)
• Took a hardline w/ China violated Chinese
  regulations
• China withdrew from British community
• 1836 emperor suppressed opium, created internal
  conflict

10
Opium War

• Lin Zexu (1785-1850)
• Imperial commissioner
• Appealed to Queen Victoria to end trade
• Admonished merchants had force to back him up
  forced surrender of opium made them sign a
  pledge to never trade opium?21,306 chests
  delivered took 23 days to destroy it
• Continued to escalate issue
• 1839, English sailors killed a Chinese villager
• 11/1839, continued escalation
• 12/1839, trade ceased
• January 31,1840, war was declared

11
Opium War

• Results
• Hong Kong to Britain in 1841
• Disgrace of Lin Zexu and Englishman Elliot

12
The Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty System

• August 29, 1842, ended the war
• 5 ports opened to British Canton, Xiamen,
  Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai
• 21 million Spanish silver dollars in reparations
  to England
• Chinese relinquished rights to establish own
  tariffs (hooray for Smithian British!)
• Hong Kong ceded to British in perpetuity
• Extraterritoriality for British

13
The Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty System

• Most-favored-nation status to British AND to any
  other nation that gained a concession (US and
  France later gained it in 1844)
• Opium trade expanded
• Foreign gunboats allowed to anchor at treaty ports

14
Internal Crisis

• Imperial failure to maintain order w/in the
  nation
• Grand Canal became impassable by 1849
• Yellow River, 1852, overflowed and diverted
• Banditry
• Poverty
• Series of rebellions Taipings largest

15
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

• Founder Hong Xiugan
• Synthesized Christianity with Confucian and other
  Asian beliefs
• Emphasized Old Testamentesp. the 10
  Commandments?destroy the idols
• Vision
• Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, egalitarian,
  God-ordained utopia

16
Taiping Rebellion

• Taiping beliefs
• Banned opium, tobacco, gambling, alcohol,
  prostitution, sexual misconduct, footbinding
• Women equal to men
• Economic egalitarianism
• Monogamous marriages
• Political structure units25 families, leaders
  combined civil, military, economic duties
• Anti-Manchu (the devils)

17
Taiping Rebellion

• By July 1850, over 10,000 adherents over 1
  million by 1853
• Organized, armed resistance to Manchus
• January 11, 1851, Hongs followers proclaimed him
  Heavenly King
• 1851, formally declared Heavenly Kingdom of
  Great Peace?began march on Nanjing (1853,
  reached and overtook)
• Good, capable leaders ineffective government
  forces

18
Taiping Rebellion

• No foreign support due to condescending language
  and failure to appease foreign powers
• Leadership crisis in 1856

19
Taiping Rebellion

• Beginning of the end
• Leadership failure
• Inadequate implementation of stated policies
• Leadership not following theories (concubinage)
• Repelled Chinese anti-Confucian as well as
  anti-Manchu

20
Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) and the Defeat of the
Taiping

• Dedicated Confucian product of the system
• Regional army leader from Hunan capable
  leader?successfully launched counter-attacks
• Managed to acquire Western army officers Ever
  Victorious Army (British officer) and Ever
  Triumphant Army (French officers)
• Well-funded
• July 19, 1864 took Nanjing, followed by a
  blood-bath

21
Effects of the Taiping Rebellion

• Estimated death toll of more than 20 million
• Taipings inspired future revolutionaries
• Conservatives admired Zeng Guofan
• People struggled with choices

Ren Xiong, served in military, but struggled w/
decision. Self-portrait.
22
China and the World

• Treaty ports
• British demand for new ports in China
• Belief in free trade as stimulus
• Treaties of Tianjin and Conventions of Beijing
  (total of 21 new ports)
• Chinese migration to US (185225000 Chinese in
  US 2xs that by 1887 in California alone)
• Loss of land to Russia
• Most-favored nation status by 1860 France,
  Britain, US, Russia

23
China at the beginning of the 20th C
24
The final years of the dynasty

• New reformers
• Yan Fu?influenced by Adam Smith Social
  Darwinism, and argued that Western learning was
  needed to release Chinese energies
• Kang Youwei (1858-1927)?sought to create a
  constitutional monarchy like Japan
• Dr. Sun Yat Sen

25
The dynastys final years

• The Empress Dowager Cixi
• Refused to reform (imprisoned revolutionaries)
• Not quite completely
• Allowed minor reforms such as military
  modernization, education reform, fiscal system
  reform
• Corrupt
• Supported the Boxer Rebellion from 1898-1901 as a
  means of ousting the foreigners

26
The Revolution of 1911

• Led by Sun Yat-Sen (who was technically in the
  US)
• Prelude
• Govt desire to centralize
• Govt desire to nationalize RR lines
• Had to take out foreign loans
• Revolution broke out
• Emperor abdicated February 2, 1912
• China became a republic