The Cortona Lectures Computers, Publishing and the Reorganisation of Knowledge Cortona 2223 Septembe

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The Cortona Lectures Computers, Publishing
and the Reorganisation of Knowledge
Cortona 22-23 September 2001

• Kim H. Veltman
• Charles van den Heuvel
• Nik Baerten
• Maastricht McLuhan Institute

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The Cortona LecturesTechnology1. History and
Technological Developments KHVSubject-Object
Distinction2. From Static to Dynamic and
Augmented Books KHV3. Knowledge Organisation and
Visualisation CvdH4. Architecture and New Media
NB5. Organicism and Agents NB
Organizations6. Virtual Memory
Institutions CvdH 7. Virtual Reference Rooms
KHVMethod8. Virtual Reality
(Reconstructions) KHV9. Virtual Cartography
(Authenticity and Veracity) CvdH10. Displays,
Interfaces, Immersive Environments KHV NB
11. Local, Regional, National and Global KHV
CvdH12. Augmented Knowledge and
Culture KHVInfrastructure and Connectivity
13. Networks and a Cultural Grid KHV
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The Cortona LecturesSubject-Object
Distinction2. From Static to Dynamic and
Augmented Books KHV3. Knowledge Organisation and
Visualisation CvdH Knowledge of Architecture
and Architecture of Knowledge Architecture- and
Classification as Metaphor as Art or
Nature (Tools) 4. Architecture and New Media
NB5. Organicism and Agents NB
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KNOWLEDGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF
KNOWLEDGEorganisation and visualisation

• Cultural and Heritage Communication Course
• 24-25 September Cortona
• Charles van den Heuvel

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Knowledge of Architecture Architecture of
Knowledge

• Historical aspects of Knowledge Organisation and
  Visualisation in the Arts and Architecture
• The Substitute of the Book and Virtual Memory
  Institutions
• Knowledge of Maps and Maps of Knowledge Virtual
  Cartography and Cyberspace
• Internet democracy (local global)

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KNOWLEDGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF
KNOWLEDGEIHistorical Aspects of Knowledge
Organisation and Visualisationof Art and
Architecture

• Cultural and Heritage Communication Course
• 24-25 September Cortona
• Charles van den Heuvel

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Historical Aspects of Knowledge Organisation and
Visualisation of Art and Architecture

• Architecture definitions
• Knowledge
• Definitions Classification
• Examples of Classification Systems
• Integration of Classfication Systems

• Architectural Metaphors and
• Visualisation of Knowledge

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In what way can architecture and the
visualisation thereof, be of interest for the
access to, the structuring of and the
presentation of information in text and in image
on the internet ?
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Architecture
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Architecture

• Architecture as an object
• Architecture as process
• Architecture as discipline
• Architecture as metaphor

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Architecture as process
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Architecture as object
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Architecture as discipline
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Architectural metaphors and Metaphors in
Architecture

• Architecture and Man
• Metaphors and Design

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Architecture and Man

• Object
• Process
• Discipline

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Human Figure and Architecture as Object
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Architectural Process and Man

• Tu forse potresti dire tu mhai detto che lo
  edificio si rassomiglia a luomo adunque se cosi
  e, e bisogno generare e poi partorire come
  luomo.
• Proprio cosi ledificio prima si genera, e
  cosi nasce si come la madre partorisce il
  figliuolo in capo di nove mesi, o alcuna volta di
  sette mesi, e con buon ordine e sollecitudine
  farlo crescere.
• Antonio Averlino detto il Filarete, Trattato di
  Architettura, libro II

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Metaphors and Design

• Quando si vorrà formare una pianta, bisogna
  prima sapere se il sito haverà da ubidire
  allarte overo se larte bisognerà ubidire al
  sito perchè in questo vi è gran differenza.
• Francesco De Marchi, Della Architettura Militare,
  Brescia 1599

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Metaphor and Design Natural Motifs
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Metaphor and Design
Laws of nature
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Knowledge
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Knowledge Organization

• The subject which comprises the order of
  knowledge units (concepts) in general as well as
  the order of concepts relating to all kind of
  objects (mineral, plants, human beings, products,
  documents, pictures etc.) as well as activities
  and properties relating to them, mostly
  manifested in their proper subject fields
  (disciplines) with purpose to identify the
  existing knowledge about the human world
• in concepts and concepts systems
• (classification systems)

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Concept

• A unit of knowledge to be made communicable by a
  term, name or code

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Category

• A concept gained by the predication of an
  ultimate kind of a referent an object, an
  activity, a property a dimension

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Class

• A set of elements such as concepts or objects
  with at least one common characteristic. Class
  element is any element of a class, e.g. the class
  of buildings includes as its element all kinds of
  buildings

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Classification System

• The construction of an entire system of concepts
  and concept classes in a consistent order

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Classification Systems (general)

• The Dewey Decimal Classification
• The Universal Decimal Classification
• The Bibliographic Classification
• The Broad System of Ordering
• The Colon Classification
• Library of Congress

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Dewey Decimal Classification 1876

• Melvil Dewey (1851-1931)

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DDC- main categories

• 0. General Works
• Philosophy
• Religion
• Sociology
• Philology
• Natural Science
• Useful Arts
• Fine Arts
• Literature
• History

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Universal Decimal Classification1895

• Henri La Fontaine and Paul Otlet

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UDC main categories

• 0. Generalities, Documentation, Bibliography
• Philosophy, Ethics, Psychology
• Religion, Theology
• Social sciences
• (Vacant but for Life Studies)
• Mathematics, Natural Sciences
• Applied Sciences, Medicine, Technology
• Arts, Recreation, Entertainment, Sport
• Languages, Linguistics, Literature
• Geography, Biography, History

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Colon Classification 1933

• S.R. Ranganathan (1892-1972)

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Ranganathans Laws of Library Science

• Books are for use
• Every reader his/her book
• Every Book its reader
• Save time to the reader
• A library is a growing organism

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Classification Systems (specific)/Thesauri

• Iconclass
• Beeldleer and Hypericons
• ABC
• Art and Architecture Thesaurus
• Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging
• (R.G. Chenhall)

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Iconclass - history

• Henri de Waal (1910-1972)
• Collection Bodel Nijenhuis
• Iconclass 1955 1972
• Iconclass abridged Decimal Index of Art of the
  Low Countries (D.I.A.L.)
• Iconclass and the Computer

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System of Topographical Data
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Access to Topographical Data

• Alphabetical index on names and places
• Numeric inventory (main catalogue)
• Numeric index for subjects key I
• Numeric index for subjects key II
• Alphabetical index of artists names
• Alphabetical index of persons names

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Benefits of Van De Waals Topographical Data
System

• Independence of national or administrative
  borders
• The structure of the system can stay the way it
  it was designed, even if one wants to add a large
  number of new documents
• It is possible to get an overall view of all the
  documents belonging to a certain region
• All the advantages of an alphabetical order are
  still available
• The notations are clear and concise

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In art history we lack basic scales for the
marshalling of iconographic material. According
to me a solution for the general problem can only
be found in facing from the beginning and in
anticipation the totality of all possibilities.
How can this be done? If I draw a map, I need not
enumerate all the localities, if only my map
represents the STRUCTURE of the whole area, I
include in anticipation all geographical
possibilities

• H. van de Waal, Some principles of a
  General Iconographical Classification (1955)

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Iconclass characteristics

• Alpha-numerical classification, hierarchically
  and systematically ordered of Western art
• Retrieval by alpha-numerical notations and by
  subject index (controlled vocabulary)
• 10 main categories, subdivided by letters and by
  decimal numbers

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Iconclass main categories

• 0. Abstract, Non representational Art (since
  1996)
• Religion and Magic
• Nature
• Human Being, Man in General
• Society, Civilization, Culture
• Abstract Ideas and Concepts
• History
• Bible
• Literature
• Classical Mythology and Ancient History

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Webpagina Iconclass
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Iconclass after 1972

• Iconclass abridged
• Decimal Index of Art of the Low Countries
  (D.I.A.L.)
• Iconclass ResearchDevelopment Group
• Iconclass Browser/Help system

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Van de Waals Aftermath

• Beeldleer Van de Waal (1972)
• Hypericonics Jan Nauta (1993)

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Beeldleer

• Emphasis on how artists represent, symbolize or
  express (instead on what)
• Quality of images and Appreciation
• Hierarchical order
• 8 main categories
• Index of 600 items (like exhibition practice,
  chiaroscuro, symmetry, psychology of the maker
  etc.)

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Beeldleer main categories

• General methodology
• Vision
• Form (matter and structure)
• Space
• Semantics
• Function of the Icons
• Appreciation
• Theory of Style

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Commentary
not the subject
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Thesauri
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Art and Architecture Thesaurus

• Equivalence
• preferred term/ descriptor
• alternate descriptors/ use for terms
• Hierarchical Relationship
• 7 categories or facets
• 33 sub facets or hierarchies
• Associative relationship
• related terms
• 28, 000 terms ca. 13,000 under 17 hierarchies of
  objects facet

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Facets and Hierarchies in AAT
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The Integration of Classification Systems

• Complementary
• Explicit/Implicit
• Classification and Interface

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Complementary Classifications

• Panofskys acts of interpretation
• Iconclass object -what
• Beeldleer/Iconics object -how/why
• Dyabola context object - why

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Implicit - Explicit
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Aby Warburgs Mnemosyne Atlas
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Implicit and Explicit
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Classification and Interface
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Architectural Metaphors of Knowledge
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Ars Memoriae

• J. Romberch, Congestorium Artificiose Memorie
  Venetia 1533

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the function of the Colon () and other
connecting symbol is like that of the bolts and
nuts in a meccano set Ranganathan
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Knowledge buildings

• Geddes
• Outlook Tower
• and Index Museum

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Univers
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Documentation
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Otlets Architectural Order of Knowledge Buildings
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The Spiral of Science
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Architecture as book

• La Cité Mondial séra
• un livre colossal dont
• les edifices et leurs
• dispositions et non
• seulement leur
• contenu se liront a la
• manière dont les pierres
• des cathédrales se
• lisaient
• Otlet 1934

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Classifying Architectural Images
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Visualisations of Architectural Classifications
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Constructing Interfaces

• Manipulation
• mécanique à volonté
• de toutes les
• données
• enregistrées
• pour obtenir de
• nouvelles combi-
• naisons de faits
• Otlet 1934