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Title: ECE 403 Audio Engineering Instructor: James Jim Beauchamp Course Website: http:courses'ece'uiuc'edue


1
ECE 403Audio EngineeringInstructor James (Jim)
BeauchampCourse Website http//courses.ece.uiuc.
edu/ece403/
Tony Bennett
AMP
2
What is Audio Engineering?
  • Its highly interdisciplinary
  • Its the science of recording and reproduction
    (playback)
  • For human consumption, we restrict frequencies
    to the
  • audible range, i.e., 20 to 20,000 Hz.
  • Subset of acoustics. but also electronics, and
    so ...
  • its electroacoustics!
  • But acoustics isnt just sound waves its also
    how we
  • hear -- i.e., psychoacoustics.
  • Engineers also like to process sounds to solve
    certain
  • tasks -- i.e., signal processing.
  • And the sounds dont have to come from the
    acoustic
  • world. We can synthesize them. We can use
    these for
  • psychoacoustics or for electronic (computer)
    music.
  • The sounds can any in the audible range. This
    includes
  • music, speech, environmental sounds, and noise.

3
Audio Engineering-related Professions
  • Musician
  • Audio/electronics technician
  • Recording Engineer
  • Architectural Acoustician
  • Psychoacoustician
  • Electroacoustic device designer
  • Electronics designer
  • Computer programmer
  • Audio engineer One who devises creative
    solutions to difficult problems in the field of
    audio.

4
Audio-related Organizations, Conferences and
Publications
  • Acoustical Society of American (ASA) Journal
    JASA
  • (since 1929) meets twice yearly in various
    locations.
  • Most members work at universities or
    scientific labs.
  • http//asa.aip.org
  • Audio Engineering Society (AES) Journal JAES
  • (since 1953) meets several times a year in
    various
  • locations. Most members work in the audio
    industry.
  • http//www.aes.org
  • IEEE Signal Processing Society
  • Conferences Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and
    Signal Processing (ICASSP) and Workshop on
    Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and
    Acoustics (WASSP).
  • http//www.ieee.org/organizations/society/sp/

5
Audio-related Organizations, Conferences and
Publications
  • International Computer Music Association (since
    1980)
  • Publication Computer Music Journal (quarterly
    since 1977)
  • Yearly International Computer Music Conference
    (ICMC) at American, European, and Asian locations
    (since 1974).
  • http//computermusic.org
  • Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)
  • Yearly conferences alternate between U.S./Canada
    and Europe/Asia. http//www.musicperception.org/
  • International Conference on Digital Audio Effects
    (DAFx)
  • http//dafx.labri.fr Yearly international
    (since 1997).
  • International Conference on Music Information
    Retrieval
  • http//ismir2007.ismir.net/ Yearly
    international (since 2000).
  • International Symposium on Musical Acoustics
  • http//iwk.mdw.ac.at/ma/ Roughly biennial
    international.

6
Related Topics
  • Acoustics
  • Psychoacoustics (sound perception)
  • Electronic Circuits
  • Signal Processes
  • Random Signals
  • Speech Applications
  • Music Synthesis

7
Related Courses at UIUC
Acoustics
MUS 402 Musical Acoustics 3 hrs Theory and
application of simple resonators, wave motion,
resonances of strings and pipes perception of
loudness, pitch, and timbre musical scales and
acoustics of rooms and musical instruments. ECE 
473 Fund of Engineering Acoustics 3 - 4
hrs Development of the basic theoretical
concepts of acoustical systems mechanical
vibration, plane and spherical wave phenomena in
fluid media, lumped and distributed resonant
systems, and absorption phenomena and hearing.
8
Related Courses at UIUC
Sound Perception
SPSHS 240 Intro Sound Hearing Science  3
hrs Acoustics, anatomy, and physiology of the
auditory system psychophysical methods and a
consideration of auditory theories and
mechanics. SPSHS 540 Psychoacoustics  4
hrs Advanced study of physical nature of sound
and its measurement theory and practice of
psychophysics, including the various aspects of
psychoacoustics (sensitivity, masking, loudness,
pitch, binaural hearing, speech perception) and
the nonlinear nature of the auditory system.
9
Related Courses at UIUC
Electronic Circuits
ECE 205 Intro Electrical Electronic Circuits
3 hr Basic principles of circuit analysis,
transient analysis, AC steady-state analysis,
introduction to semiconductor devices and
fabrication, digital logic circuits, op-amps, and
A/D and D/A conversion. ECE students may not
receive credit for this course! ECE 442
Electronic Circuits 3 hr Analysis and design
of analog and digital electronic circuits using
MOS field effect transistors and bipolar junction
transistors, with an emphasis on the study of
amplifiers in integrated circuits. Credit is not
given toward graduate degrees in ECE!
Prerequisites ECE 210 and ECE 440.
10
Related Courses at UIUC
Signal Processing
ECE 210 Analog Signal Processing 4
hr Introduction to analog signal processing,
with an emphasis on underlying concepts from
circuit and system analysis linear systems,
review of elementary circuit analysis,
differential equation models of linear circuits
and systems, Laplace transform, convolution,
stability, phasors, frequency response, Fourier
series, Fourier transform, active filters, and AM
radio. ECE 410 Digital Signal Processing, I
 4 hr Introduction to discrete-time systems and
digital signal processing discrete-time linear
systems, difference equations, z-transform,
discrete convolution, stability, discrete-time
Fourier transform, analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog conversion, interpolation and
decimation, digital filter design, discrete
Fourier transform, fast Fourier transform,
spectral analysis, and applications of digital
signal processing. Prerequisite ECE 210
11
Related Courses at UIUC
Signal Processing
ECE 551 Digital Signal Processing II 4
hr Basic concepts of digital signals and
systems computer-aided digital filter design,
quantization effects, decimation and
interpolation, and fast algorithms for
convolution and DFT adaptive signal processing.
Prerequisites ECE 410 and ECE 413. ECE 513
Vector Space Signal Processing 4 hr Finite and
infinite dimensional vector spaces, Hilbert
spaces, orthogonal projections, subspace
techniques, least-squares methods, matrix
decomposition, conditioning and regularizations,
bases and frames, Hilbert random process space,
iterative methods and applications in signal
processing, including inverse problems, filter
design, sampling, interpolation, sensor array
processing, and signal and spectral estimation.
Prerequisite ECE 410, ECE 413, and MATH 415.
12
Related Courses at UIUC
Random Signals
ECE 413 Probability with Engrg Applic 3
hr Introduction to probability theory with
applications to engineering problems such as the
reliability of circuits and systems and to
statistical methods for hypothesis testing,
decision making under uncertainty, and parameter
estimation. Credit is not given toward graduate
degrees in Electrical Engineering. Prerequisite
ECE 210. ECE 534 Random Processes 4 hr Basic
concepts of random processes linear systems with
random inputs Markov processes spectral
analysis Wiener and Kalman filtering
applications to systems engineering.
Prerequisite One of ECE 413, MATH 461, STAT 400
or consent of instructor.
13
Related Courses at UIUC
Speech Applications
SPSHS 401. Experimental Phonetics II Speech
Acoustics and Perception  1 unit Theoretical
consideration of speech as an acoustical
phenomenon special reference to acoustical
investigations of the laryngeal source and
radiated speech signal and survey of the
experimental literature in acoustic phonetics and
speech perception. ECE 537 Speech Processing
 4 hr Introduction to the theory and techniques
in speech processing and recognition includes
speech production model, spectral analysis,
pattern comparison techniques, hidden Markov
models (HMM), and HMM-based automatic speech
recognition also includes computer laboratory.
Prerequisite ECE 410 and ECE 534
14
Related Courses at UIUC
Music Synthesis and audio
ECE 402 Electronic Music Synthesis 3
hr Historical survey of electronic and computer
music technology parameters of musical
expression and their codification analysis and
synthesis of fixed sound spectra time-variant
spectrum analysis/synthesis of musical sounds
algorithms for dynamic sound synthesis.
Prerequisites ECE 410 and 473. ECE 403 Audio
Engineering 3 hr Review of resonance and wave
phenomena acoustics of rooms and auditoriums
artificial reverberation and sound
localization/spatialization loudspeakers,
enclosures, and microphones and topics in
digital audio. Prerequisites ECE 410 and 473.
15
Related Courses at UIUC
Music Synthesis
MUS 407,409 Elect Music Techniques I,II 4
hr Electroacoustic music, including historical
background, literature, techniques of notation
and realization, and compositional application in
the areas of musique concrete, classical
electronic music, and voltage-controlled
electronic music. Study of compositional,
technical, and performance considerations in
combining electronics with traditional
instruments and/or voices in music composition.
MUS 448 Computer Music 4 hr Representation
of sound signals in a digital computer methods
for input and output of sounds to and from a
computer sound synthesis programs synthesis of
simple musical structures use of graphics
processing of live sounds by computer editing
and retrieval fidelity of computer-produced
sounds and hybrid analog/digital computers.
16
Audio-Related Books
Mastering Audio The Art and the Science by Bob
Katz Typical Review I have been a guitar player,
songwriter, and producer for many years and an
engineer when I had to be. There is always a
certain amount of mystery around the magic done
in post production mastering. ... this book ...
gives you a real understanding of what is
involved and ... all the information you need to
be on your way! Handbook of Recording
Engineering by John Eargle Principles of Digital
Audio by Ken C. Pohlmann Digital Audio Signal
Processing by Udo Zölzler (113) Typical Review
... this book ... covers noise-shaping, gives you
formulas for peaking and shelving filters used in
mixing consoles, tells you how to implement a
state of the art reverb or dynamic compression
algorithm and explains how audio compression
using psychoacoustic effects works. The
mathematics are not that complicated, but you
should already know what FFT or IIR stands for
and how they work to be able to use the book.
17
Audio-Related Books
Speech and Audio Signal Processing by Ben Gold
and Nelson Morgan (2000 paperback) price 20 -
89 Review This is a book much needed in the
speech and audio community because of its unique
perspective on these topics. By their very
nature, speech, music and other audio signals are
only fully understood if one takes into account
their perception, production, and the context
within which they exist (language, symphony). To
appreciate what to process about such signals,
the scientist must have a broad appreciation of
linguistics, hearing, vocal tract models, and the
brain in general, in addition to the standard
engineering tools and approaches. This is why
this book is valuable. It indeed attempts to
reach out to all these fields with just enough
details to inspire the reader, and to provide
links to existing more detailed literature. The
book is well written, full of excellent
illustrations, and it was the perfect choice for
a class to graduate students in the Electrical
Engineering Department where I teach at the
University of Maryland. I highly recommend it. --
Shihab A. Shamma (College Park, MD, USA)
18
A Brief History of Audio (Analog)
  • Electromagnetic microphone (Ernst Siemens 1874)
  • Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell 1876)
  • Phonograph (wax cylinders) (Thomas Edison
    1877)
  • Gramophone 78 record (Emile Berliner 1888)
  • Telegraphone magnetic wire recorder
    (Valdemar Paulsen 1898)
  • Telharmonium first electrical synthesizer
    (Thadeus Cahill 1900)
  • AM radio (Reginald Fessenden 1905)
  • First radio broadcast (Lee DeForest (Met Opera)
    1910)
  • Vacuum tube amplifier (Edwin Armstrong 1912)
  • Electrostatic microphone (E. Wente, Bell Labs
    1916)
  • Electromagnetic loudspeaker (Chester Rice
    Edward Kellog 1924)
  • FM radio (Edwin Armstrong 1933 common use began
    in 1950s)
  • Wire recorder (consumer heyday 1947-1952)
  • Magnetic tape (reel-to-reel Ampex 1948 cassette
    Phillips 1962)
  • 33 rpm (LP) record (Columbia Records 1948)
  • multitrack recording (Ampex 1954)
  • stereo LP (Westrex 1958) and FM (GE/Zenith 1961,
    based on Armstrong)

19
A Brief History of Audio (Digital)
  • 12-bit digital recording on computer tape (Bell
    Labs, 1957)
  • 13-bit digital recording on computer tape
    (Illiac II, UIUC, 1964)
  • 12-bit digital recording on computer disk
    (DEC/Stanford U., 1965)
  • 16-bit 2/4 channel digital recorder
    (Soundstream, 1976/77)
  • Sony PCM (16-bit stereo recorded on video tape
    1978)
  • compact disk (CD) (16-bit stereo format)
    (Phillips/Sony 1983)
  • stereo digital audio tape (DAT) (Phillips/Sony
    1986)
  • recordable CD CD-R (Phillips/Sony 1988)
  • sound compression (MP3 standard 1989)
  • audio record/playback from home computer (NeXT
    1989)
  • 8-track digital audio tape (ADAT) (Alesis 1991)
  • 8-track digital audio tape (DA-88) (Tascam 1992)
  • MiniDisc MD (Sony 1998)

20
Schedule for ECE 403
Introduction Jan. 17 Chap. 1 Hasegawa-Johnson Re
view of Acoustics Jan. 19-26 Kinsler Frey chap.
1, 5, 8, 9 Auditorium/Room Jan. 29-Feb.7 K
F Chap 13, Notes Acoustics Loudspeakers
Feb. 9-19 K F Chap 8, 14 Notes
Enclosures Exam 1 Feb. 21 Microphones Feb.
23-Mar. 2 K F Chap 14 Notes
Recording Sound Perception Mar. 5-12 K F
Chap 11 Notes Digital Audio Basics Mar. 26-30
Notes Artificial Reverb Apr. 2- 6
Notes Exam 2 Apr. 9 Sound Localization Apr.
11-18 Notes Sound Compression Apr. 20-27
Notes Review for Final Apr. 30, May 2
Handouts Final Exam May 11, 130 PM
21
Math You Should Know
Spelled out in Hasegawa-Johnson Chapter 1,
section 1.4 Example of math to know the
complex variable real and imaginary form
, polar form where
22
Assignment for Friday
Read in Kinsler and Frey Chapter 1 harmonic
oscillator, combining sine
waves, Fourier series Chapter 5 wave
equation, plane waves, decibels
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