PBL

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PBL

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaitun Abu Bakar

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What is PBL?

• Problem-based learning is a pedagogical strategy
  for posing significant, contextualized, real
  world situations, and providing resources,
  guidance, and instruction to learners as they
  develop content knowledge and problem-solving
  skills. (Mayo et al )

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History of PBL

• 1960s in medical schools in Canada and America
• spread across to other disciplines such as
  schools of architecture, business, law,
  engineering, forestry, police science, social
  work, education and computer science.

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Characteristics of PBL

• Context-based using real-life situations
• Focuses on thinking skills problem-solving,
  analysis, decision making, critical thinking
• Requires integration of inter-disciplinary
  knowledge/skills/behaviors
• Self-directed and develops life-long learning
  skills
• Shared in small groups

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Why PBL?
Rapid explosion of knowledge
TODAYS WORLD
Increased technology and Social complexity
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Why PBL? - Tomorrows graduates

• Self-directed and life-long learning skills
• Problem-solving / analytical and critical
  thinking skills
• Integration of inter-disciplinary
  knowledge/skills
• Teamwork and interpersonal skills

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PBL Approach

• Early exposure and student-centered
• Emphasis is not on problem solving but
• Generation of hypothesis and learning issues
• Sharing of learning burdens
• Guidance by an academic staff

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2 Diverging Emphases
WHAT the student learns
how the student learns
Traditional Curriculum
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Restoring the Balance
WHAT the student learns
HOW the student learns
PBL Curriculum
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How to THINK
What you should be doing at the University
particularly is to learn HOW TO
THINK Peter Doherty
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Advantages of PBL

• Emphasis on Meaning, Not Facts
• Increased Self Direction
• Higher Comprehension and Better Skill Development
  
• Interpersonal Skills and Teamwork
• Self-Motivated Attitude
• Facilitator-Student Relationship
• Level of Learning

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The learning pyramid
Average Retention rate
Lecture
5
Reading
10
Audiovisual
20
Demonstration
30
Discussion group
50
Practice by doing
75
Teach others
80
National Training Lab., Bethel, Maine, USA
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Learning stimulus A real-life
situation Requiring a response
PBL Activity Cycle
Situation revisited
Self-directed learning
Structured learning events
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PBL in a tutorial group

• A tutorial group is a collection of individuals
  who meet, exchange ideas and information, and
  work together on a shared objective or task.
• It consists of
• A tutor/fascilitator
• 6-10 learners (a scribe and a discussion leader)

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PBL Tutorial Process

• In each session
• Warm up
• Discussion
• Evaluation

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FIVE easy steps in PBL

• Read the problem
• Brainstorm on the problem
• Identify and prioritize learning issues
• Search and gather information
• Share and synthesize information

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PBL Tutorial Process

• Step 1 Read and understand the content of the
  information
• Clear up any uncertainties in the text any
  difficult words/technical jargons cliché?
• Summarize the information provided recap or
  update from time to time
• Define the problem precisely what phenomena
  requires an explanation/option/action?

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PBL Tutorial Process

• Step 2 Brainstorm and analyze the problem
• Generate ideas from all group members based on
  opinions and knowledge segregated from critical
  analysis of ideas
• Order these ideas systematically analyze them in
  depth
• Hypothesis on how these events or phenomena are
  related

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PBL Tutorial Process

• Step 3 Identify and prioritize learning
  objectives
• Formulate learning objectives based on
  questions raised when analyzing the problem
• Set priorities decide on which aspects of the
  discussion to focus on the next meeting
• Agree on the division of tasks must know or
  nice to know

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PBL Tutorial Process

• Step 4 Search and gather information and
  other resources
• Select learning resources carefully is there a
  reliable source? Where is the information from?
• Try to summarize in your own words how can I
  best explain it to someone else?
• Consult more than one source experts often
  differ in their opinions on the interpretation of
  phenomena
• Make clear notes about the main points

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PBL Tutorial Process

• Step 5 Share and synthesize the new
  information
• Try to establish a common link between aspects
  found individually in the literature
• Report should focus on a short summary of the
  points of the literature
• Focus on discussing the learning materials that
  has not been understood
• Help to check your own understanding and enhance
  comprehension

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Working on a new Problem
Hypotheses Information Learning Issues Action
Plan Brain- Syntheses List of what Things
that Storming of info. Needs to be need to
be About obtained learned in done in
order Causation, through order to to
complete Effect hypotheses complete the the
problem and/or guided problem
task task Resolution inquiry
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Evaluation

• Class presentation
• Peer review
• Report / write up

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Give someone a fish you feed him for a
day Teach him how to fish and you feed him a
lifetime.