The earth is like a solar battery absorbing nearly half of the suns energy' The ground stays a relat

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Space the final Frontier
17 reflected by clouds.
100
6 reflected by surface.
Atmosphere
19 absorbed by water vapor, dust
4 absorbed by clouds.
46 absorbed by ground
Earth
The earth is like a solar battery absorbing
nearly half of the suns energy. The ground stays
a relatively constant temperature through the
seasons, providing a warm source in winter a
cool heat sink in summer.
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Geothermal technology is friendlier to the
environment, because a) it uses the earth's own
free and renewable energy, b) no flame or gas is
required, and c) it produces zero emissions, so
it doesn't pollute the air or contribute to
global warming. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), replacing an ordinary
HVAC system with a geothermal system is the
equivalent of planting 750 treesbenefiting the
environment. The average residential geothermal
unit saves the electric utility from burning an
additional 9.24 tons of coal each year,
dramatically reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Installing just 400,000 geothermal
units each year could reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by more than one million metric tons of
carbon each year. This reduction in carbon
emissions is equivalent to converting more than
half a million cars to zero-emission vehicles, or
planting more than a million acres of trees. The
earth is a huge energy storage device that
absorbs 47 percent of the sun's energymore than
500 times more energy than mankind needs every
yearin the form of clean, renewable energy.
Geothermal systems take this heat during the
heating season at efficiencies that approach or
exceed 400 percent, and return it during the
cooling season. The EPA and the DOE have found
that geothermal systems can reduce energy
consumptionand corresponding greenhouse gas
emissionsby more than 40 percent compared to
air-source heat pumps and by more than 70 percent
compared to electric resistance heating with
standard air-conditioning equipment.
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How Much Is Available?
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The Accessible Resource Base is 14x10 J the
resources are 5,000 EJ the reserves are reduced
to 500 EJ. Finally the reserve on land RoL,
which can be economically exploited for all the
geothermal energy utilization are 370 EJ it is
twice the total production of oil in 1996. Of
this RoL 2/3 can be accounted for low temperature
(lt150C), 1/3 for high temperature, suitable for
electricity production.
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Basic Geothermal System with Water to Water Heat
Pump
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Mole Hill Housing Society

• The Affordable, Sustainable Energy Alternative

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Mole Hill Community housing

• Located in the Vancouver Downtown
• 27 complete stand alone buildings
• 6-7 suites per building
• First Social housing in North America to
  incorporate ground source heating into separate
  buildings

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Pre Construction Concerns

• Will it supply the capacity to heat the heritage
  homes
• How to distribute the heat to the suites with
  individual control
• Enough physical space to drill the needed
  boreholes
• Cost effective manner for life cycle
• Justify cost difference over conventional system

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Heating Capacity

• Thorough heat loss calculation done for each
  house
• Thermal conductivity test done on the ground
• Back-up Water to Water heat exchanger added for
  extreme cold cases

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Suite Distribution

• Koolfire Comfort coils used to distribute the
  120F water from the Heat pump
• Koolfire allows separate zone control for each
  suite

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Suite Distribution

• Uses 24 VAC therefore allows for easy wiring
• Basement levels all have radiant in-floor heating
• This combination of distribution would be
  impossible without the use of the Comfort coils

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House Distribution

• Common ground loop pumping station in center
  home

Each home complete with Heat pump, Heating water
tank, Central hot water distribution piping
system
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House Distribution

• Each heat pump energizes pumps on Flow center to
  average ground loop temperature
• Helps eliminate need for large pumps normally
  used to turbulent flow

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Drilling Boreholes

• Formation thermal conductivity test was done
• First of its kind to be done for a major
  project in BC
• A smaller rock mining drill rig was brought in
  due to the limited space
• 83 boreholes totaling 23,000 vertical feet was
  drilled

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Life cycle and system performance

• Guarantee maintenance cost would be no more then
  conventional
• After 3 yrs of operation and regular maintenance
  there has been almost no repair costs related to
  the heat pump system
• 80 less maintenance cost from a conventional
  fossil fuel

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Cost Advantage

• Based on average 4000 Square Feet Mole Hill Home

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Cost advantage
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Environmental Advantages

• 605 tones of CO2 is reduced from the atmosphere
  just from using the ground source heating system

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Mole Hill Housing Society

• The Affordable, Sustainable Energy Alternative

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Drilling Boreholes

• Formation thermal conductivity test was done
• A smaller rock mining drill rig was brought in
  due to the limited space
• 83 boreholes totaling 23,000 vertical feet was
  drilled

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Oklahoma State Capital Bore Field
Oklahoma State Capital
Bore Field
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GEOTHERMAL GROUND SOURCE SYSTEMS USE A LOT OF
PIPE
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Bore Holes, Trench and Header
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Pre-fabricated Header Vault
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Interior of Pre-fabricated Vault
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Building Equipment Room
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Water Source Heat Pumps
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Greenhouses
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Standing Column Well Open System
Cased
Cased
To Heat Pumps
From Heat Pumps
Pump
Recirculation Depth
Bedrock
Bedrock
Tail Pipe
Uncased
Uncased
NTS
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Slinky Installation
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Hybrid System
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Apartment Complex-Shanghai
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SCHOOL
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SCHOOL
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Geothermal School Annual Energy Operating Costs
Comparison
Avg - 39 Savings
Dollars
275,271 SF
228,678 SF
171,185 SF
Arnold High - Closed-Loop Geothermal System
(completed Aug, 2000) School A - Gas
Boiler/Chiller System (Updated w/ new equipment
1996) School B - Multiple Systems
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Cost Advantage

• Based on average 4000 Square Feet Mole Hill Home

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Cost advantage
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Low Cost Housing

• 3 Bed room
• 960 square feet
• Heating, Cooling and Water Heating averages
  17/month at 0.07/kWh
• Water to Air Heat Pumps (Forced Air Heating Air
  Cond)

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Design Procedure

• Determine the heating/cooling loads (Btuh)
• Select heat pump size
• Select indoor air/water distribution system
• Estimate the ground heat exchanger loads
• Annual load
• Design months load

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System Components

• Buried Plastic Pipe
• Material
• Specifications
• Joining
• Heat Pumps
• Antifreeze Fluids
• Circulators

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Building Load (Btu/hr)ACCA Manual J
Outdoor Air Temperature
Ceilings
Doors
Windows
Walls
Indoor Air Temperature
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Building Heating and Cooling Load Profile
Design Heating Load
Design Cooling Load
50,000 Btuh
36,000 Btuh
50,000 Btuh
36,000 Btuh
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Outdoor Temperature F
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System Design

• Open Loop
• Pump and dump
• Standing column
• Ponds/lakes (direct and indirect)
• Closed Loop
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Hybrid
• Soil/Rock Thermal Testing
• Grouting

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Existing Resources for Designers

• IPEX
• Design Manuals
• Computer Software
• Residential
• Commercial
• Manufactures Training
• Conferences

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Whos Involved

• Utility companies
• Installing contractors or dealers
• Heat pump manufacturers and distributors
• Plastic pipe manufacturers IPEX
• Fusion joining manufacturers
• Trenching and drilling manufacturers
• Research organizations, and professional
  associations

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Benefits to HVAC Contractor

• Competes with low cost fossil fuels for customers
  who prefer radiant heating
• Higher profit margins than with conventional
  equipment
• System has an expected lifetime equal or greater
  than conventional gas and electric systems
• Well recognized as the highest efficient system
  available a premier system

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Geothermal System
ISO 13256-1
IGSHPA
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Heat Pump Terminology

• Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
• Sensible Cooling Load / Total Cooling Capacity
• Energy Efficiency (EFF)
• Energy Delivered / Energy Supplied
• Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
• Total Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) / Power Input
  (Watts)

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Heat Pump Terminology(continued)
Coefficient of Performance (COP) Heating
Capacity (Btu/hr) / Power Input
(Btu/hr) Entering Water Temperature (EWT) Water
Flow Rate (GPM) Air Flow Rate (CFM)
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Heat Pump Terminology(continued)

• Water pressure drop (WPD)
• Entering air temperature (EA)
• Total Heating Capacity (HC)
• Total Cooling Capacity (TC)
• Sensible Capacity (SC)
• Heat rejected (HR)
• Heat absorbed/extracted (HE)

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Heat Pump Sizing

• The SHF for the unit must be less than or equal
  to the SHF for the space.
• The cooling unit should be sized based on the
  sensible cooling load for the space and the
  sensible cooling capacity of the unit.
• The latent requirement must be satisfied.

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Load 26,600 Btuh SHF 0.83
HP 025 26,700 Btuh SHF 0.69
HP 033
HP 033 31,800 Btuh SHF 0.70
9,600
Latent (Btuh)
4,300
8,200
3,800
Sensible (Btuh)
22,300
22,200
18,500
NTS
Heat Pump Sizing
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Heat Pump Sizing Example
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Heat Pump Data

• Entering Water Temperature
• Heating Capacity (Btu/hr)
• Coefficient of Performance (COP)
• Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)
• Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

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Ground Water GWHP
Water Loop WLHP
Ground Loop GLHP
Tabulated performance data is at noted entering
water temperatures and entering air condition of
80.6o F DB / 66.2o F WB at ARI / ISO 13256-1
rated CFM.
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Annual Soil Temperature VariationStillwater, OK
USA

• Soil Type
• Annual Temperature Swing _at_ Surface - F
• Phase Constant _at_ Surface days
• Soil Depth feet
• Day of year

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Mean Temperature Variations
average soil (0.6 ft²/day or 0.025 ft²/hr)
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Mean Temperature Variations
20
10
0
10
20
groundtemperature, F
average soil (0.6 ft²/day or 0.025 ft²/hr)
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Heat Exchanger Design Menu
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Horizontal Single Pipe

• Single flow path
• Large land area required
• Larger pipe diameters required to reduce friction
  loss
• Increased antifreeze fluid volume

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Two-Pipe Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger

• Single flow path
• Shorter trench required than a single pipe system
• Larger pipe diameter than a parallel system

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Horizontal 4-pipe System

• Reduced trench length
• Parallel flow
• Deeper trench is generally required

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Parallel Vertical System

• Small diameter pipe than series system
• Larger capacity heat exchanger can be designed
• ¾ and 1 inch pipe loops are common
• Bore hole depths can be increased in limited land
  areas

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Vertical Series Heat Exchanger

• Larger pipe required for series system
• Large pipe difficult to handle
• Heat exchanger limited to about 3-tons because of
  pipe friction

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Extended Slinky Four foot of pipe per foot of
trench
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Adequate supply of water Non-corrosive Place to
discharge water
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Standing Column Well Can Include Bleed
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Lake / Pond Heat Exchangers

• Slinky Type (HDPE 3408)
• Plate Type (stainless)
• Coiled Copper
• HDPE Pipe Rolls with Spacers

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Pond Coil (with spacers)
Photographs courtesy of Jay Hammond Geothermal-Des
ign Associates Ft. Wayne, Indiana
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Great River uses a 1500-ton loop system on a 12
acre lake! Great River Medical Center is a
707,000 sq. ft. building, with 800 heat pumps and
a 100-mile-long piping system.
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Header Vault
1- inch vertical loops, Heat fusion joined,
Flanged connections
Air Vents
Shut Off Valves
Multiple Parallel Header Pipes (3 inch)
Pressure/Temp. Ports
Main Supply Header ( 8 inch)
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Chautauqua Lake Central Schools (K-12)Mayville,
NYBuilding Size 400,000 sq. ft.
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Designing Buried Pipe Systems(to facilitate air
removal)

• Air purging 2 ft/sec fluid velocity in all
  piping sections of the ground heat exchanger
  reference number 4
• Reduce purging power close header
• Air vents for initial filling
• Air trap systems during operation

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Parallel Vertical Configured Ground Heat
Exchanger
Supply Header (1-½ inch) Return Header (1½
inch) Reverse Return (1-½ inch) Loop (3/4
inch) U-Bend (3/4 inch)
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Debris Flushing and Air Removal
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Design and Layout Considerations

• Redundancy
• Pumping Options
• Central System
• Fluid Circulator Load Matched to Heat Pump
• Air Removal Capability and Serviceability
• Standard Header Design for Improved Air Purging
• System Performance Evaluation

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27 Ton Header
13 loops on 3 inch pipe

• Reverse return
• ¾ inch loops
• 3/4 , 1-1/2, 2 and 3
• inch header pipe
• SDR 11 and 15.5 HDPE pipe

7 loops on 2 inch pipe
4 loops on 1 -1/2 inch pipe
3 loops on ¾ inch pipe Close Header
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Thermal Properties of Soils Rocks
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Rules of Thumb 1 2
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Rules of Thumb 3 4
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• Life Cycle Cost

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Commercial Life Cycle Cost Analysis

• the sum of time-equivalent costs of
  construction, operation, and maintenance of a
  building, system or equipment over a designated
  study period for alternatives that equally
  satisfy functional requirements

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Variable Initial cost

• Equipmenthigh efficiency recommended
• Drilling cost and site conditions
• Controls--simple or complex-----------
• Piping type and sizing
• Piping accessories-----------
• Distribution system equivalent
• System design------------
• Value of floor square footage--
• Additional cost for structural reinforcement
• Additional cost for sound proofing

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Replacement

• Life Expectancy of air conditioning and heating
  equipment
• Life of ground Heat Exchanger
• Life of Air and Water Distribution Equipment

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How does the cost of fuels compare in equivalent
energy?


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• Electricity at .06/kwh---cop at 3.5
•   .06/kwh x kw/3412btu x 100000btu/therm x
  1/cop
•  
• .50/therm or 5.00/MMbtu
•   
• Natural gas at .65/therm at 80 AFUE

• .65/therm x 1/afue
• .81/therm or 8.10/MMbtu
•  
• Propane at .87/gal---afue 80(91,547 btu/gal)
•  .87/91547btu x 100,000btu/therm x 1/afue
• 1.18/therm or 11.80/MMbtu

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Energy Costs

• Equipment Efficiencies
• Pumping efficiency based upon design and sizing
• Inflation variable
• Complex Utility Structure of Electric Rates
• Demand cost-Summer versus Winter
• Energy cost
• Meter Charge
• Fuel adjustment
• All electric Rate----Omaha Postal
• Franchise, local, state, ad valorem

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Typical Natural Gas Billing

• Variable Fuel Cost/Mcf-month to month
• Well head price
• Plus Pipe line charges
• Plus Any approved Service fees
• Plus Meter Charge
• Plus Taxes

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Natural Gas Average Commodity Cost
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Operating, Maintenance and Replacement (OMR)
costs

• ASHRAE
• MEANS Estimating
• Manufacturers
• Contractors
• Owners
• Build your own actual database for Documentation

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Salvage Value

• Manufacturers
• Contractors
• Zero out at end of life for all alternatives
• Ground Heat exchanger is often 25-35 or more of
  first cost.
• Re-use or no Salvage

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Cost of Money

• Customer Provided Info only
• Accounting Depreciation Method
• Inflation rate-energy cost and money
• financed
• Income tax rate
• Study Life
• Depreciation Life
• IRRrequired internal hurdle rate---time
• 5years payback approx. 20 IRRTexaco
• Simple Payback-yearly savings/first costs

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Construction First Cost (/sq.ft.)based on
400sq.ft. per ton and approx 10k-50k sq.f.t bldg.

• Unitary Systems
• Geothermal Heat Pump 8-10
• Water Source Heat Pump 7-8
• Air Source Heat Pump Split 4-6
• Self-Contained DX Roof Top 3-4
• Thru-wall 2-3
• Central Station Systems
• Fan Coil (2-pipe) 8-9
• Fan Coil (4-pipe) 9-11

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Fan Coil Unit Controllers

• FCU 1 Fan, two pipe, modulating valve
• FCU 2 Fan, two pipe, floating point valve
• FCU 3 Fan, four pipe, modulating valve
• FCU 4 Fan, four pipe, floating point valve

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Real Estate/Structural Savings

• No boilers, or chillers to house with
  Geothermal,Air-cooled unitary, and Thru-wall
  systems
• No cooling towers or rooftop penthouses with
  Geothermal Heat Pump, Air-cooled unitary, and
  Thru-wall systems
• Installed in wasted space such as ceilings
  cavities core areas, and storage areas
• Conventional floor mounted
• 2 to 4 of gross floor area
• Geothermal
• ½ to 1 of gross floor area w/ no outdoor
  equipment

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Conventional GHP System Effect on Building
Components

• Do not have to have roof curbs components, but
  available for roof mount
• Less structural steel for supporting equipment
• Fewer roof access requirements
• Fewer roof membrane pads
• Less rigging required
• Without boiler, no boiler room, breeching, vent
  or chimney, combustion air, fuel piping or
  storage tank
• Can provide more Rentable space

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Annual Maintenance Cost (/sf)

• Geothermal Heat Pump
• .11-.25
• Water Source Heat Pump
• .20-.30
• Fan Coil (2-pipe)
• .32-.50
• Air Source Dx/Heat Pump Split
• .23-.33
• Fan Coil (4-pipe)
• .40-.50
• Self-Contained Roof Top
• .29-.35
• Thru-Wall
• .28-.32

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Spreadsheet for LCC/ Sq. Ft.
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Limitations of Geothermal Heating and Cooling

• Maximum water temperatures 120F
• Land mass required
• Initial capital expense
• Lack of qualified personnel