LESA_EHNC_20040517'ppt

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The Emperor has No Clothes!!

• Craig K. Harmon
• 17 May 2004
• Logistics Execution Systems Association (LESA)

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1 January 2005 . . .

• Some industry pundits have claimed that
  compliance to Wal-Mart's mandate can be achieved
  by a process of "slap and ship". Wal-Mart will
  accept a read rate of 70 to 85. I don't think
  so! RF tag orientation and placement must be
  based upon the packaging material onto which the
  RF tag is applied and the material contained
  within the packaging material onto which the RF
  tag is applied.
• We are going to move pallets of 40 containers
  filled with (???) through the reader portal at 15
  mph and read all of the tags on each of the boxes
  on each of the pallets right? I don't think so!
  A rationale approach to data management needs to
  be considered immediately. If you truly want the
  EPCs of each of the boxes on the pallet you need
  a higher functionality tag than a simple 96-bit
  EPC on the pallet.

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Physics and God
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. . . 1 January 2005

• Oh . . . the data already will be in our database
  because of advance receipt of this data through
  either XML or ASC X12 transmissions. Why do we
  believe that Ship Notice/Manifest EDI (ANS
  X12.856) or XML will somehow be more widely
  implemented with RFID than with bar codes?
• Where are the recommendations for what happens if
  we are unable to read an RF tag do we key in 96
  1s and 0s?
• Neither the existing Class 0 or Class 1 tags meet
  the DOD requirements. So where do they go next?
• Both Wal-Mart and DOD have claimed a preference
  for Class 1 Version 2 (now referred to as
  Generation 2 - Gen 2). Where is this
  specification and why is it being postponed until
  AT LEAST September 2004?

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Q.E.D. Systems Craig K. Harmon President
Visit our web sites http//www.qed.org and
http//www.autoid.org

• Team Leader, RFID Experts Group (REG) (formerly
  VAG)
• Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4
  RFID
• Chair, ASC MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable
  Containers
• Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) ISO TC
  122/WG 7 (Product Packaging)
• Chair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain
  Applications of RFID
• Vice-chair, ASC MH 10 and U.S. TAG to ISO TC 122
  (Packaging)
• Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG
  3 (RFID - Air Interface - 18000)
• Member, EPCglobal HAG (UHFGen2) and BAG
• Past Chair, ASC INCITS T6 (RFID) - ANS INCITS
  2561999, 2001
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Air Transport Association (IATA)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison to the European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• ASC MH 10/SC 8 Liaison Universal Postal Union
  (UPU) Physical Encoding Group (PEG)
• Advisor and Member of USPS Strategic Technology
  Council
• ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison
  Officer to JTC 1/SC 31
• Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers -
  Electronic Container Seal Protocol)
• Chairman Project Editor, ANS MH10.8.2 (Data
  Application Identifiers)
• Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
• Co-chair, HIBCC Automatic Identification
  Technical Committee (AITC)

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The Hype has everyone excited but few are yet
attempting to manage expectations. . . The
World will not implement on 1 January 2005!!!
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RFID Experts GroupTerms of Reference . . .

• 1. Technology selection guidelines based on usage
  parameters
• How far
• How fast
• How many
• How much
• Applied to what and the contents of the container
• 2. With multiple readers in a network, guidance
  to
• minimize overlapping reader signals of adjacent
  systems,
• ensure that the aggregated data from each reader
  system is correct
• handle / communicate with the variety of tags
  being placed before the reader, multi-protocol,
  multi-frequency readers
• define the interface to peripheral control
  mechanisms

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RFID Experts Group . . . Terms of Reference . . .

• 3. Tag and label issues
• Placement guidance
• Tags and inserts active and passive
• Application to plastic, cardboard, plywood, free
  space, metal
• Orientation guidance
• Based on tag antenna type
• Determined by reader / antenna guidance
• Label design
• Label material and adhesive guidance for specific
  surface onto which tag mounted
• Determined by reader / antenna guidance
• 4. Data aggregation / singulation / deaggregation
  
• provide guidance on how to provide the greatest
  assurance that all tags presented to the reader
  are read

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RFID Experts Group . . . Terms of Reference . .
.

• 5. Safety and regulatory
• With respect to frequency, power, duty cycle,
  and radiation levels, guidance on human exposure
  limitations, to include
• HERO
• HERF
• HERP
• ICNIRP
• Intrinsically safe
• 6. Security and privacy
• With respect to tag to reader, reader to host,
  and host to computing system, guidance on
  security and privacy and how to achieve the same
• FIPS 140
• Privacy guidelines

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RFID Experts Group . . . Terms of Reference

• 7. Backup. With respect to RF tags, guidance on
  procedures to be undertaken if one or more tags
  are unable to be read
• Secure business process / implementation group
  representative
• 8. Sensors/Transducers
• SAL-C . . . IEEE 1451
• Sensor interface. With respect to higher
  functionality tags guidance on the implementation
  of sensor technology input.
• How do I know with which tag I am communicating

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RFID Experts Group Phase II Issues

• 9. Rogue tags
• With respect to transmitted bits and ubiquitous
  implementation, guidance on how one ensures that
  the tag being read is for the application
  intended.
• 10. Tag to tag communications and networking

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Issues on RFID

• EPCglobal or ISO
• Intellectual Property
• WTO
• Frequencies
• Item identification v. anti-counterfeiting
• Interoperability (Class 1 Class 0) - Supply
  chain

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Standards
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Types of Standards

• ? Technology (Symbology, RFID, I.C. Card)
• ? Data Content (DIs, AIs, Syntax)
• ? Conformance (Print Quality, Test
  Specifications)
• ? Application Standards (Ship Label, Product
  Package)

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Application StandardsRadio Frequency
Identification Open Standards

• ISO 10374 - Freight containers Automatic
  identification
• ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency
  communication protocol for electronic seal
• ISO 11785 - Radio-frequency identification of
  animals Technical concept
• ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers
• AIAG B-11 - Tire Wheel Identification Standard
• EAN.UCC GTAG
• ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of
  RFID
• ISO 17358 - Application Requirements
• ISO 17363 - Freight Containers
• ISO 17364 - Returnable Transport Items
• ISO 17365 - Transport Units
• ISO 17363 - Product Packaging
• ISO 17364 - Product Tagging

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Application Requirements

• Wal-Mart - Suppliers will mark inbound cases and
  pallets with RFID - 1 January 2005 - May, 2003
  specification calls for 256 bit read/write tag
• U.S. Department of Defense - 2nd Draft RFID
  policy presented on 20 February 2003 - To issue
  final policy in July of 2004 that will require
  suppliers to put passive RFID tags on selected
  case/pallet packaging by January of 2005. -
  Policy will call for passive tag (est. 256 byte)
  and active tag

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EPCEPCglobalan agency of UCC and EAN
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MIT AutoID Center

• Officially began 1 October 1999
• Initially funded by Uniform Code Council, The
  Gillette Company and Procter and Gamble
• Split into AutoID Lab at MIT and EPCglobal under
  UCC and EAN (http//www.epcglobalinc.org/ and
  http//www.epcglobalus.org/) in Q3 2003
• Software components
• Object Naming Service (ONS)
• Savant
• Product Markup Language (PML)
• Air interface protocols
• 860 - 930 MHz
• 13.56 MHz
• Supply chain impact studies
• Field trials
• Intellectual Property

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EPC - Network vs. Code
The globally unique identifier that serves as a
pointer for making enquiries about the item it
identifies
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EPC Class I - V
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EPC - How it works
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EPCglobal
Architecture Review Committee
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EPC-96 Structure

• Class 0 - 64 bits
• Class 1 - 96 bits
• Class 1 G2 - 128/256 bits
• Class 2 - Class 1 with larger memory and
  read/write
• Class 3 - Class 2 with sensors (semi-passive)
• Class 4 - Active tags

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EPCglobal or ISO

• ISO 18000, Part 6 (860 - 960 MHz) published
  5/31/4
• ISO 18000, Part 7 (433 MHz) published 5/31/4
• EPCglobal has four competing camps

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EPCglobal

• A joint venture between EAN International and UCC
• The story of UCC and EAN
• Spent too much money on UCCnet and looking for
  revenue sources
• Without sale of numbers, questionable value
  proposition for EPCglobal
• Mishandled Class 1 Gen 2

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Wal-Mart DoD
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Wal-Mart Information Systems

• Wal-Marts information systems are largely
  integrated
• Wal-Marts legacy data structures are GTINs
  (U.P.C./EAN), GLNs (Location Codes), GRAI/GIAIs
  (Asset IDs), and SSCCs (Transportation Control
  Codes)
• Such legacy data structures serve as the primary
  keys to Wal-Marts systems
• These are the data structures supported by
  EPCglobal (particularly, Class 0 and Class I v1,
  and Class I G2)
• Wal-Mart will not require a major change to their
  information systems to implement EPC

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DOD Information Systems

• The Department of Defense has numerous logistics
  systems
• These systems are fed by legacy data structures,
  notably, NATO/National Stock Numbers, CAGE/NCAGE
  codes, DoDAACs, and TCNs
• Such legacy data structures serve as the primary
  keys to DOD systems

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DOD is not Wal-Mart

• While DOD can take advantage of the Wal-Mart
  initiatives, their business processes differ
• Where Wal-Mart will require little modification
  to their information systems, DODs modifications
  would be substantial
• Wal-Marts data structures can easily be
  converted from EPC (EPC-ready) DODs cannot

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DOD Unique Identification (UID)

• A world-wide unique identification of items
• Typically consists
• Enterprise ID (Company code)
• Product code (may not be required where the
  serial number is unique within the enterprise)
• Serial number
• May be discrete or concatenated fields
• Under ISO definition, this code may be up to 50
  characters in length

http//www.acq.osd.mil/uid/
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DoD Policy (as of 1 March 2004)

• Latest draft 20 February 2004
• Active
• Freight containers, air pallets
• 433.92 MHz/18000-7/Savi
• Passive
• Returnable Transport Item
• Product Packaging
• EPC 860 - 960 MHz
• Preference for Class 1 G2 (now Gen 2)
• 64-bit Class 0 v1 (WORM) / Matrics
• 96-bit Class 1 v1 (ReadOnly) / Alien

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EPCglobal Note (as of 1 May 2004)

• Active
• In the AutoID Centre hierarchy, active would be a
  Class 3 or high tag. No work has been done in
  EPCglobal.
• Minimum attention to data issues
• Passive
• Mixed results on Class 1 and Class 0
• Data issues Class 1 and Class 2 (fixed and
  limited structures) EPCglobal Tag Data Format
  v1.24 is seriously flawed.
• 5/5/4 - EPCglobal halts work on Class 0 and 1
  compliance/certification (no equipment meets
  spec)
• Need a header for UID for other Registration
  Authorities

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EPC-256 Data Structure
w with (1) or without (0) part number x for
future use (other demographics)
88432 52 bits (leaving 204 bits for Part
Number Serial Number) (ab 204)
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DOD Supply Transportation Data
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Intellectual Property
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Intellectual Property

• Public domain, royalty-free, or RAND
• All ISO standards are RAND
• All EPCglobal royalty-free (I dont think so!!)
• If royalty-free for Gen2 . . . not necessarily
  for Class 0 and Class 1
• If royalty-free for Unified . . . not necessarily
  for Performance, Q, or FlexWorks
• Notices of infringement

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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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WTO Multilateral Agreements On Trade In
GoodsTechnical Barriers

• Clause 2.4Where technical regulations are
  required and relevant international standards
  exist or their completion is imminent, Members
  shall use them, or the relevant parts of them, as
  a basis for their technical regulations except
  when such international standards or relevant
  parts would be an ineffective or inappropriate
  means for the fulfillment of the legitimate
  objectives pursued, for instance because of
  fundamental climatic or geographical factors or
  fundamental technological problems.
• Clause 3.4
• Members shall not take measures which require or
  encourage local government bodies or
  nongovernmental bodies within their territories
  to act in a manner inconsistent with the
  provisions of Article 2.
• Clause 3.5
• Members are fully responsible under this
  Agreement for the observance of all provisions of
  Article 2. Members shall formulate and implement
  positive measures and mechanisms in support of
  the observance of the provisions of Article 2 by
  other than central government bodies.

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WTO Multilateral Agreements On Trade In
GoodsTechnical Barriers

• Clause 5.4
• In cases where a positive assurance is required
  that products conform with technical regulations
  or standards, and relevant guides or
  recommendations issued by international
  standardizing bodies exist or their completion is
  imminent, Members shall ensure that central
  government bodies use them, or the relevant parts
  of them, as a basis for their conformity
  assessment procedures, except where, as duly
  explained upon request, such guides or
  recommendations or relevant parts are
  inappropriate for the Members concerned, for,
  inter alia, such reasons as national security
  requirements the prevention of deceptive
  practices protection of human health or safety,
  animal or plant life or health, or the
  environment fundamental climatic or other
  geographical factors fundamental technological
  or infrastructural problems.

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Frequencies
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Which Technology

• How far?
• How fast?
• How many?
• How much?
• Geometry of tagging space
• Interferers (physical and radio)

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How far, how fast, how much, how many, attached
to what?
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Minimum Requirements
Note While minimums are stated, supply chain
applications are common for passive tags at 256
bytes and active tags at 128 kBytes
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Recent Developments

• 860 - 960 MHz
• Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band
• Originally 902 - 928 MHz Spread Spectrum in the
  U.S.
• Technology enhancement (frequency agile) permits
• 902 - 928 MHz used in Region 2 (U.S.)
• 865.6 - 867.6 MHz nearing finalization in Region
  1 (Europe)
• 950 - 956 MHz regulations in process in Region 3
  (Japan)
• 910 - 914 MHz regulations in process in Region 3
  (Korea)
• Gen2 may support agreed upon modifications to
  18000-6 (18000-6)
• 18000-6 may be modified based on agreement of
  EPC Gen2

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Recent Developments

• 433 MHz
• ISM band permitted by ITU (implemented in Region
  1 but for different parameters in Regions 2 and
  3)
• ITU receptive to Regions 2 and 3 supporting
  Region 1 for a 433 MHz allocation for freight
  containers
• Chairman of ISO TC 104 (Freight containers) has
  made request to ITU and WCO to embrace both
  passive (860 - 960) and active (433.92 MHz)
  calling out 18000-6 and 18000-7
• Under serious consideration in both Japan and
  Korea
• Both Japan and Korea have requested U.S.
  governmental letters of support, i.e., FCC, NTIA,
  DoD, NATO
• Received support through new (April 2004) FCC
  rules, specific to RFID, that increases both
  power and duty cycle.

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Item Identificationversus Anti-Counterfeiting
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Interoperability
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Compatibility
Compatibility Suitability of products, processes
or services for use together under specific
conditions to fulfill relevant requirements
without causing unacceptable interactions.
Interchangeability, interoperability, and
non-interference are differing levels (or
degrees) of compatibility. Interchangeability The
condition that exists between devices or systems
that exhibit equivalent functionality, interface
features and performance to allow one to be
exchanged for another, without alteration, and
achieve the same operational service. Interoperab
ility The condition that exists between systems,
from different vendors, to execute bi-directional
data exchange functions, in a manner that allows
them to operate effectively together. A guarantee
of a certain level of compatibility between
different implementations of the same standard.
The desired level of compatibility is specific to
a given standard, and can be limited to basic
services. Interconnection and interoperability
are the main objectives of standardization.
Non-interference The condition that exists
where standard-compliant components of various
types or of different vendor origins co-exist
within the same space without serious detrimental
effect on one anothers performance. Components
are not required to communicate with one another
as part of a common infrastructure, but only to
peacefully co-exist.
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The Layers of Logistic Units (Optically Readable
Media)
Layer 5ISO TC 204 (None)AIAG B-15
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4ISO TC 104 (None)
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG
B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 2ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG
B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 1ISO TC 122/WG 7 (22742) ANS MH10.8.6AIAG
B-4 EIA 621/624 IEC 62090 UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 0ISO TC 122 (TBD)ANS MH10.8.7AIAG
B-4EIA SP-3497UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec
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The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency
Identification - RFID)
Layer 5
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4 (433 MHz, 860-960 MHz)ISO 17363
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3 (433 MHz, 860-960 MHz)ISO 17364
Unit Load Pallet
Unit Load Pallet
Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365
Transport Unit
Transport Unit
Transport Unit
Transport Unit
Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Layer 0 (860-960 MHz) (13.56 MHz under
consideration) ISO 17367
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
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Markets

• Cases, returnables, RTIs, freight containers
• AIAG B-11 being re-opened
• FDA and pharmaceuticals
• HIBCC and med/surg devices
• Container seals
• Smart shelves not ready for prime time
• Product tagging not ready for prime time

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EPCglobal ISO . . .
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. . . EPCglobal ISO . . .
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. . . EPCglobal ISO
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The Hype Cycle
Visibility
Peak of Inflated Expectations
Plateau of Productivity
Slope of Enlightenment
Trough of Disillusionment
Technology Trigger
Time
Source Jackie Fenn, Gartner Group
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Predictions / Recommendations

• 860 - 960 MHz (passive) - 433 MHz (active)
• DoD implement 18000-6, pushing EPCglobal to ISO
• Within EPCglobal Unified air interface to
  become Generation 2
• Wal-Mart realizes ISO / WTO recommendations
  should drive their standards
• Initial confusion within FDA regarding RFID for
  anti-counterfeiting. Many recommendations for
  13.56 MHz though the right answer is 860-960 MHz
• IMO / WCO support for 433 MHz container seals
• RFID Market CAGR through 2009 - 30-35

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???
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Thank you!!!
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