Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

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Reformation and Religious Warfarein the
Sixteenth Century

• The Age of Reformation

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I. Prelude to Reformation

• Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
• Sources of Christianity
• Simplicity of Christianity
• Reform of religion
• Reform of education

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B. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

• Handbook of the Christian Knight, 1503
• The Praise of Folly, 1511

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C. Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

• Utopia, 1516
• Based on a world without corruption through
  reason and mercy.
• Communal property.

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2. Henry VIII

• Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII.
• More refused to sign the Act of Succession and
  Supremacy.
• More was beheaded

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II. Church and Religion on the Eve of Reformation

• The Clergy
• Wealth
• Ignorance
• Division between higher and lower clergy
• Popular Religion
• Relics
• Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471)
• The Imitation of Christ
• De-emphasis of religious dogma
• Indulgences

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D. Printing Press

• First used in Mainz Germany (1440-1450).
• Johan Gutenberg printed the bible in 1455

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Effects of the Printing Press

• Many writers criticized the corruption of the
  popes.
• Printed books encouraged piety.
• Made Bibles available for all Christians to read.

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III. Martin Luther and the Reformation in German

• Early Luther
• 1. From peasantry
• Study of law
• Monastic life

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2. University of Wittenberg

• Justice of God
• Justification by faith
• Archbishop Albrecht

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3. Johann Tetzel

• Sales of Indulgences
• As soon as the coin the box rings, a soul shall
  spring!

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4. 95 Thesis (1517)

• In response, Luther writes 95 Thesis on the
  corruption of the Church.
• Debate at Leipzig, July 1519

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a. Luthers Writings

• Address to the Nobility of the German Nations,
  1520
• The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520
• On the Freedom of a Christian Man, 1520
• Excommunicated , 1521

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5. Diet of Worms 1521

• Luther denies the authority of the Pope.
• Luther is declared an outlaw and a heretic.

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B. Development of Lutheranism

• Urban Phenomenon
• Appeal to university students
• Urban phenomenon
• Older generation of humanists break from
  Lutheranism

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2. Peasant Revolt 1524-1525

• Sought economic and political freedom.
• Thomas Muntzer inflamed the peasants against
  their rulers. Strike while the iron is hot.
• Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
  Peasants

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3. Church and State

• Luther keeps only 2 of 7 Catholic sacraments
  baptism and Lords supper
• Bible the authority for religious affairs
• State dominated churches
• Luther marries former nun Katherina von Bora, 1525

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IV. Germany and the Reformation Religion and
Politics

• Emperor Charles V, 1519-1556
• Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Spanish America
• Preserve the unity of the Catholic Church
• Francis I, 1515-1547
• Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544
• Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566
• Battle of Mohács, 1526

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B. Schmalkaldic (Lutheran) League

• Diet of Augsburg 1530 Charles demanded that
  Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 15,
  1531.
• In reaction 8 princes and 11 imperial cities
  formed the Schmalkaldic League which vowed to
  defend each other if attacked.
• Luther was anti-Semitic.

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3. Battle of Mühlberg

• Charles brought an army (1546-1547) allied with
  Pope Paul III against the Protestant Schmalkaldic
  alliance and won.

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C. Peace of Augsburg 1555

• Lutherans same legal rights as Catholics
• Right of each German rule to determine the
  religion of his subjects

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IV. The Spread of the Protestant Revolution

• Lutheranism in Scandinavia
• Gustavus Vasa, 1523-1560, of Sweden
• Frederick I, 1523-1533, of Denmark

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E. John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Believed that few people would be saved from sin
  elect.
• Predestination- God knows from the beginning who
  will be saved.
• Theocracy a government controlled by a church
  leader and should dominate the state.

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Geneva City of Saints.

• Two sacraments baptism and Lords Supper
• Geneva
• Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 1541
• Consistory

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VI. The Social Impact of the Protestant
Reformation

• The Family
• Positive view of family relationships
• Place of women
• Home devotions.
• Education
• German gymnasium
• Genevan Academy
• Jesuits as educators

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C. Religious Practices and Popular Culture

• Community life surrounded by individual prayer
  and worship each Sunday.
• Puritans tried to banned drinking, dramatic
  performances and dancing.

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VII. The Catholic Reformation

• A. Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)
• Mystical experience

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B. Regeneration of Religious Orders

• Capuchins
• Theatines
• Oratory of Divine Love

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C. The Jesuits St. Ignatius of Loyola

• Jesuits took a special oath to serve the pope and
  were trained to perform the most difficult and
  dangerous missions
• Missionary Francis Xavier converted
  non-Christians into Catholics in Japan.
• Prevented Protestants from spreading into Poland
  and Bavaria.

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D. Revived Papacy

• 1. Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
• Reform commission
• Recognized the Jesuits
• Council of Trent
• Roman Inquisition, 1542
• 2. Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
• Index of Forbidden Books

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3. Council of Trent

• Popes interpretation of the Bible was final.
• Saved by faith and good works.
• Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority
  for guiding Christian life.

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Discussion Questions

• How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead
  to the Reformation?
• What were Martin Luthers complaints against the
  Church?
• What political reasons lay behind the Wars of
  Religion?
• How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome?
• What social impact did the Reformation have?
• How did the Catholic Church react to the
  Reformation? Was it effective?
• What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to
  confront during his reign and how successful was
  he in dealing with them?