The Reformation Counter Reformation

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The ReformationCounter Reformation

• Religious and Political
• Crisis in North and Central Europe1517-1555
• Did the actions of Martin Luther create positive
  or negative change?
• Was life improved?
• How does this religious reformation appear in
  other regions?

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• The Protestant Reformation
• Italian Renaissance humanism
• Christian humanist, Desiderius Erasmus
  (1466-1536)
• In Praise of Folly
• Martin Luther
• Justification by faith alone
• Ninety-five Theses, 1517
• Three pamphlets, 1520
• Excommunication, 1521
• Edict of Worms
• Peasants War, 1524-1525
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)
• Wars
• Peace of Augsburg, 1555
• Thirty Years Wars

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Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521)
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Educated and trained as a Catholic theologian
• His 95 Theses and the challenge on indulgences
• Development of his thinking leads to
  excommunication (1520)

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Background to the Reformation

• Ongoing abuses within the Church
• The training of average priests
• The privileges of church leaders
• Pluralism
• Nepotism
• General worldliness
• Literacy and print culture
• Political changes

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Europe in the Reign of Charles V
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Luthers Thinking Develops and ideas spread after
1517

• Three Significant Pamphlets (1520)
• Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
  Nation
• The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
• Freedom of a Christian
• Two Major Doctrinal Innovations
• Sola Fide (By Faith Alone)
• Sola Scriptura (Scripture Only)

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The Role of Print Culture in Spreading Luthers
Thought
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Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521) I cannot and
I will not recant anything, for to go against
conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I
stand, I cannot do otherwise.
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Luther Seeks Refuge with Duke Frederick of Saxony

• German princes harbor Luther as challenge to
  papal role in politics
• Charles V unable to respond initially due to
  other concerns
• Luther translates Bible into German

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Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

• Based in Zurich
• Scripture as the only authority
• Non-sacramental liturgy(Theyre Symbols)
• Marburg Colloquy (1529) dispute with Luther
• Dies in Battle during Swiss civil war

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Anabaptists Radical Reformers

• Re-baptizers Bible a blueprint for society
• Conrad Grebel the Swiss Brethren -- Schleitheim
  Confession (1527)
• Thomas Muentzer claims Luther sold out
• Muenster Experiment in 1534-35
• Menno Simons advocates pacifism (Mennonites)

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Jean Calvin (1509-1564)

• Catholic priest who converts in 1534 and flees to
  Geneva
• Brief time in Strasbourg with Martin Bucer
• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
  Predestination
• Return to Geneva, the center of Reform in
  late-16th century

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The Catholic Reformation

• Charles V tries negotiation, then force
• Schmalkaldic League Protestant princes come
  together to defend themselves
• Defeated in 1547 at Mühlberg
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) Cuius regio, eius
  religio.
• Reform in the bones New Foundations
• Capuchins
• Ursulines
• Jesuits The shock troops of Catholic reform
  education and advisors to rulers

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Pope Paul III Recognizes Ignatius of Loyola
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Catholic Propaganda Against Luther
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The Catholic Reformation (Reform in the Head)

• Initial response is to ignore
• Fifth Lateran Council (1513-1517) Men are to be
  changed by, not to change, religion.
• Paul III (r. 1534-1549)
• Interesting blend of old and new
• Places reformers in the curia
• Advice of the Reform of the Church (1537)
• Sets up Roman Inquisition (The Holy Office in
  1542)
• Calls Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Reaffirmed Old Doctrines
• Authority in tradition AND Scripture
• Church seen as sole interpreter of Bible
• Salvation through faith AND works
• Affirmed distinction between laity and priesthood
• Rejected predestination
• Improved training of priests and required bishops
  to spend time in their dioceses
• Encouraged missionary zeal
• Repressive measures as well Inquisition and The
  Index

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Sorting Through the Doctrinal Differences

• Sources of Salvation
• Attitude towards Sacraments
• Role of the Clergy
• Relations between Church and State

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Religions in Europe ca. 1560
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Huguenots (French Calvinists)2,000
Congregations (ca.1561)
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Thirty Years War1618 - 1648

• Conflict began when, on May 23, 1618, the
  Protestants in Prague threw two of Bohemian king
  Ferdinand II's ministers out a window. This act
  was known as the Defenestration of Prague.
• Bavarian
• Danish
• Swedish
• French
• The population of central Europe and the Germanic
  regions fell from 15 million in 1600 to 11
  million in 1650

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Bohemian Phase

• Bohemians chose a Protestant over a Catholic
  successor to Rudolph II. They threw two
  ministers of Ferdinand II out the window when he
  refused to interfere and with his refusal many
  Protestants began to be persecuted. This began
  the 30 years war which had 4 different phases but
  was fought mostly on Germanic soil.
• It expanded to include the dynastic rivalries of
  ambitious German princes and the determination of
  certain European powers, notably Sweden and
  France, to curb the power of the Holy Roman
  Empire, then the chief political instrument of
  Austria and the ruling Habsburg family. The
  first phase ended with Ferdinand II bringing the
  Germanic city states back into the Catholic fold.

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Danish Phase

• The Germanic city states sought help from other
  protestant countries, notably England and
  Denmark.
• England, fearful of igniting the Catholic
  resurgence of Spain chose to stay out of the
  battle. Denmark intervened.
• Christian IV really wanted the Duchy of Holstein
  returned to his rule and thought that by
  appearing to support the Germanic city states
  would reap the rewards of a weakened Holy Roman
  Empire.
• Christians armies combined with other protestant
  supporters was defeated.

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Swedish Phase

• Richelieu and the French did not like the
  increasing power of the Hapsburgs but because
  France was a Catholic state it could not
  intervene on the side of the Protestants.
  Richelieu allied with the Swedish and supplied
  them men and supplies while appearing to stay out
  of the battle.
• The Peace of Prague gave some concessions to the
  Saxon Protestants, ending this phase of the war
  but not defeating the Hapsburg ambitions.

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French Phase

• Religious issues were not a factor in the
  beginning of the 4th and final phase with France
  declaring war on the Spanish Hapsburgs who sought
  to take the throne of France through marriage and
  inheritance.
• The Danes entered on the side of their former
  enemies, the Holy Roman Empire and after many
  battles which saw each side winning some
  victories the Hapsburgs, now under the rule of
  Ferdinand III capitulated signing the Treaty of
  Westphalia.
• The Treaty, in addition to establishing
  Switzerland and the Dutch Republic (the
  Netherlands) as independent states, the treaty
  gravely weakened the Holy Roman Empire and the
  Habsburgs, ensured the emergence of France as the
  chief power on the Continent, and disastrously
  retarded the political unification of Germany.

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Peasants avenge 30 Years War
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Results and Impact

• 30 decrease in German population
• devastation of German agriculture
• ruin of German commerce and industry
• the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a
  mere shell in the succeeding centuries
• the decline of Hapsburg greatness.
• The war ended the era of conflicts inspired by
  religious passion, and the Peace of Westphalia
  was an important step toward religious
  toleration.
• The incredible sufferings of the German peasantry
  were remembered for centuries.
• The political settlements of the peace were to
  the disadvantage of Germany as well as the
  Hapsburgs.
• The poor relationship between N Germany from
  Austria was to continue for more than two
  centuries

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Religious conflict

• Creates hostile environment and migration begins,
  much of it to the new world
• Conflict between secularist and reformers forces
  new claims by monarchs regarding divine authority