Psychological Perspectives in ICT

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Psychological Perspectives in ICT

• Steve Wheeler
• University of Plymouth
• www2.plymouth.ac.uk/distancelearning

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Constructs

• Technophobia
• Computer Dependency
• Individual Differences
• Creativity
• Memory and Cognition

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Theories

• Learning Theories
• Cognitive Load Theory
• Locus of Control Theory
• Attribution Theory
• Motivation Theories
• Transactional Distance Theory
• Equivalency Theory

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Concept Mapping
Motivation
Learning
Theories
Local
Distance
Individual Differences
Transactional Distance Equivalency Theory
Cognitive Load Theory Attribution Theory
Locus of Control Theory
Creativity
Cognition
Memory
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Behaviourism

• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Unconditioned Reflex
• Conditioned Learning
• Association
• S-R Links
• Passive Learning
• Reinforcement

Train a Dog Online! www.nobel.se/medicine/educati
onal/pavlov/index.html
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Neo-Behaviourism

• Barrhus F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Operant Conditioning
• Organism interacts with its environment
• Reinforcement schedules
• Behaviour modification
• Extinction of behaviour

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Cognitivism

• Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
• Latent Learning
• Purposive Behaviour
• McFarlanes Rat Maze Experiments
• Cognitive Maps

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Scientific Constructivism

• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Child is a scientist
• Accommodation
• Assimilation
• Construction of Meaning
• Exploration and Discovery
• Schema Theory

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Social Constructivism

• Levrenti Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Cognitive development and language shaped through
  interaction with others.
• Knowledge, values, and attitudes develop through
  interaction with others.
• Social interactions that assist in learning
  increase a child's level of thinking.

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Implications for Teachers

• Teachers should use interactive methods of
  teaching such as hands on activities and group
  work.
• Teachers should present students with challenges
  to increase problem solving abilities.
• Teachers should frequently use a high level of
  language.
• Teachers should use scaffolding to increase
  students' cognitive abilities.

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Cognitivism

• Howard Gardner
• Nine discrete intelligences
• or cognitive disciplines including
• body/kinaesthetic,
• logical/mathematical,
• musical/rhythmic,
• verbal/linguistic,
• visual/spatial,
• interpersonal,
• intrapersonal.

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Implications for Teachers

• Teachers need awareness of how different learning
  styles can be used as a way to measure the whole
  person rather than the small part of
  intelligence represented by IQ tests.
• Teachers need to address as many of the
  intelligences as possible through
  differentiated teaching.

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Questions

• What are the implications of learning theories to
  the use of ICT?
• Which theory (or theories) provide the best
  explanations of contemporary educational ICT use?

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Memory and Cognition
Rehearsal
Sensory Register
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Selective Attention
Coding
Information Processing Model (cf. Atkinson
Shiffrin)
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Memory and Cognition
Executive Control System
Control and Decisions Reasoning Language
Comprehension Directing Attention Transferring
Information
Working Memory Model (cf. Baddeley Hitch)
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Getting up in the Morning
SCHEMA
Coffee
Hair
Teeth
Dressing
Breakfast
Toilet
Waking up
Alarm