Consultative Meeting With Broadcasters Nairobi, Kenya

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Consultative Meeting With BroadcastersNairobi,
Kenya

• TECHNICAL BRIEF
• 27th July 2005

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AGENDA

• Broadcasting Sector in Kenya
• Technical Criteria
• GE84/89 Plan modification procedure
• Conditions of frequency assignment
• Critical parameters for Compliance
• WAY FORWARD

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1. Broadcasting Sector in Kenya

• Regulatory framework
• Broadcasting permits are issued by the Ministry
  responsible for Information. Currently Ministry
  of Information and Communication (MIC)
• The Radio frequency spectrum aspect is within the
  CCK mandate

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1. Broadcasting Sector in Kenya Contd

• Issuance of broadcast permit does not necessarily
  imply availability of frequencies
• Assignment of frequencies done in accordance with
  the limits of the national broadcast Plans
• Broadcasters assigned frequencies include
• One Public Broadcaster
• 50 FM sound and 16 Television Private
  broadcasters

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1. Broadcasting Sector in Kenya contd
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2. Technical Criteria

• FM broadcasting is governed by ITU GE84 Plan
  agreement
• TV broadcasting is governed by ITU GE89 Plan
  agreement
• These agreements contain the applicable
  regulatory and technical criteria
• Broadcast frequencies are subject to ITU
  regulatory processes including coordination with
  neighbours

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2. Technical Criteria Contd

• GE 84 PLAN (FM Sound Broadcast)
• Channel separation 400 kHz when co-sited
• Propagation data
• Service area 50 of locations, 50 of time
• Interference 50 of locations, 1 of time
• Co-channel protection ratio 45 dB
• Min usable field strength 54 dBµv/m

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2. Technical Criteria Contd

• GE 89 PLAN (Television Broadcast)
• Minimum Usable field strengths
• 47 dBµV/m in Band I
• 53 dBµV/m in Band III
• 62 dBµV/m in Band IV
• 67 dBµV/m in Band IV

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3. GE84/89 PLAN Modification Procedure
Administration (form of notice)
BR
Preliminary coordination
Part A
Part B
Part C
Agreements obtained
Expiry period of 100 days after publicationin
Part A
Objections of the countries concerned
Confirmation offinal parameters for publication
inPart B
PLAN
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3. GE84/89 PLAN Modification Procedure Contd
Is the Frequency covered by a Plan?
NO
YES
Modification to the Plan
Notify under 11 for MIFR
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4. Conditions of frequency assignment

• Payment of Annual frequency fees
• Must type approve equipment prior to use
• Compliance with assigned technical parameters
• Meet Timeframe for utilising assigned frequency
• Prior notification of test transmissions
• No broadcast transmitter shall be put on air
  before it is inspected and authorised by CCK
• No variation of transmitter site and associated
  parameters without prior authorisation by CCK
• Validity of a broadcast permit
• Cooperate in resolution of interferences

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5. Critical parameters for Compliance

• SITE COORDINATES
• TRANSMIT FREQUENCY
• ANTENNA HEIGHT
• ANTENNA PATTERN (DIRECTIONAL/OMNI)
• MAXIMUM TRANSMITTER POWER
• MAXIMUM ERP TRANSMIT POWER
• FM MODULATION DEVIATION
• SPURIOUS EMISSIONS
• OUT OF BAND EMISSIONS

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5.1 Designated broadcast transmit sites

• All broadcast transmitters shall be in sites
  designated by CCK
• 5.1.1 Advantages
• Sharing of infrastructure
• Even distribution of field strength in the
  coverage area thereby reducing effects of
  interference, intermodulation and desensitisation
• For TV, advantage to users in terms of number of
  aerials
• Environmentally friendly by not having masts
  everywhere

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5.1.2 Other Requirements

• All proposed Broadcast transmitter sites shall be
  subjected to approval by the government agency
  responsible for environment (National Environment
  Management Authority (NEMA)) prior to site
  development
• The local authority must give its consent prior
  to site development
• The government agency responsible for Civil
  Aviation ((Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA))
  must give its consent prior to site development

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5.1.2 Other Requirements Contd

• Broadcast masts should not be sited near to
  schools/dense residential area
• The consent of local community/neighbourhood
  groups is necessary
• Broadcast transmitter sites should be designed
  and fenced in such a way that the public cannot
  access unknowingly or accidentally
• Broadcasters shall fix a physical barrier and a
  worded warning sign informing the public and
  workers that RF emission within the transmitter
  sites may exceed acceptable guidelines and hence
  could pose adverse health effects.

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5.2 Spurious Emissions

• Harmonic emissions must be (4610Log (P)) dBc
  (dB below carrier), where P is transmitter power
  in watts. For a 1KW transmitter, must be 76dBc
• BROADCASTERS TAKE ACTION TO COMPLY
• (INCLUDES FIXING A LOW PASS HARMONIC FILTER FOR
  FM AND TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS)
• Reference ITU-R Radio Regulations Appendix 3,
  ITU-R Recommendations SM 1138 and SM 328-10

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5.3. Out of Band Emissions

• FM SOUND Emissions outside the assigned channel
  must be 70dBc and must not exceed absolute mean
  power of 1mW.
• TELEVISION Emissions outside the assigned
  channel must be 60dBc and must not exceed
  absolute mean power of 1mW.
• BROADCASTERS TAKE ACTION TO COMPLY
• (INCLUDES FIXING A BAND PASS FILTER AND
  ADJUSTING OR CHANGING THE MODULATOR/EXCITER)
• Reference ITU-R Recommendations SM.1541, SM
  1138 and SM 328-10

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5.4 FM Overmodulation

• FM Modulation to be within 75KHz signal
  spectrum spread
• Problems with FM overmodulation
• Interference on adjacent channels
• Inefficient utilisation of the scarce radio
  frequency spectrum resource
• Results in distortion of broadcast signal
• MUST CALIBRATE THE TRANSMITTER SO THAT THE
  SIGNAL SPREAD IS 75KHz AT 100 MODULATION
• MUST LIMIT THE AUDIO SIGNAL SPREAD TO A MAXIMUM
  OF 15KHz
• BROADCASTERS TAKE ACTION TO COMPLY

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5.5 Installation Standards

• Good engineering practices must be strictly
  observed, use of approved materials and qualified
  technical personnel
• Use BALUNS to achieve Balanced Antenna and
  Balanced audio line
• Proper grounding
• Proper impedance matching between transmitter and
  antenna
• Modulation monitor for FM
• BROADCASTERS TAKE ACTION TO COMPLY

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5.6 Technical Measures to Mitigate Interferences

• Reduce ERP power levels
• Antenna heights
• Directional antenna patterns

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6. WAY FORWARD

• BROADCASTERS TO CHECK THEIR BROADCAST
  TRANSMITTERS AND TAKE NECESSARY ACTION TO ENSURE
  COMPLIANCE WITH THE ABOVE TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
  AND REQUIREMENTS BY 30th SEPTEMBER 2005
• BROADCASTERS TO COOPERATE AND MAXIMISE THE USE OF
  TECHNICAL MEASURES TO MITIGATE HARMFULL
  INTERFERENCES SO AS TO OPTIMISE THE UTILISATION
  OF THE SCARCE RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM RESOURCE

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Thank You for Your Attention