ILiving: An Open System Architecture for Assisted Living

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I-Living An Open System Architecture for
Assisted Living

• Qixin Wang, Wook Shin, Xue Liu, Zheng Zeng, Cham
  Oh, Bedoor K. AlShebli, Marco Caccamo, Carl A.
  Gunter, Elsa Gunter, Jennifer Hou, Karrie
  Karahalios, and Lui Sha
• Department of Computer Science
• University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

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Population Aging

• Aging of the baby boomer has become a social and
  economical issue.
• In the United States alone, the number of people
  over age 65 is expected to hit 70 million by
  2030, almost doubling from 35 million in 2000.

• Table compiled by the U.S. Administration on
  Aging based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Percentage of People 65 and 85

• People over age 65 are expected to constitute 20
  of the population in 2030.
• Similar increases are expected worldwide.
• ex.
• Numbers of elderly people living alone in Korea
  has increased 100 in the last ten years

• Table compiled by the U.S. Administration on
  Aging based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Similar Expenses Worldwide
2002
SOURCE United Nations ? Population Aging ? 2002
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2030
SOURCE United Nations ? Population Aging ? 2002
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Consequences

• Along with the increase of the 65 population,
  the expenditures of the United States for health
  care will project to rise to 15.9 of the GDP
  (2.6 trillion) by 2010.
• -- Health care industry study, Digital
  Foresight
• Many people will stay at home, rather than being
  consigned to expensive retirement homes.
• Even today, only 10 of people of age 65-85 and
  25 of those of age gt 85 are institutionalized.
• Privacy and dignity are major factors for this.

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How Can Technology Help?

• Time Driven Reminders of Daily Activities
• Butler PC
• Serves as the intelligence.
• Sends reminder messages to wireless-enabled
  appliances.
• Closes the loop with RFID or other localization
  techniques.
• Takes action in the lack of response A reminder
  can go on 2 more times, until a designated helper
  is notified.

Jennifer, It is 1130am. Time to take your
Insulin injection before meal.
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Example Scenarios

• Activity Reminder
• Vital Sign Measurement
• Personal Belonging Localization
• Emergency Detection

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Technologies Needed

• A secure Internet channel for sending/updating
  the prescription record (and/or other commands)
  to/at the home PC
• Wireless-enabled electronic appliances and vital
  sign meters.
• RFID/Ubisense (or other localization techniques)
  tags on clothes, eyeglasses, shoes, medical
  bottles, dinnerware, etc, and portable/fixed RFID
  readers in the environment.

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Putting All the Pieces Together
Home Environment
Butler PC
Internet
IEEE 802.11 WLAN
Monitoring Service
A
.
L
.
Device
Clinicians
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Design Goals

• Dependability
• Critical Services will be failure safe
• High availability
• Robustness
• Low Cost and Flexibility
• Open to low-cost third-party devices
• Assumption, protocol, QoS guarantee discrepancies
  are to be discovered by machine checkable means
• Security and Privacy
• Different levels of info disclosure to different
  roles
• Authentication, Encryption, and Anti-DOS
  (Denial-Of-Service)
• QoS Provisioning
• Timing, reliability, criticality guarantees
• Over wireless and wireline

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• Wireless Interference Mitigation
• Bluetooth v.s. IEEE 802.11b
• IEEE 802.11a v.s. Microwave
• QoS guarantee under wireless interference
• Human Computer Interfaces
• Lightweight
• Easy-to-Use
• Safe and Robust to user mistakes
• Provide different control levels of info
  disclosure

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• Thorough Evaluation and User Group Studies
• Evaluated in terms of
• the extent to which the technology help elderly
  people with their independent living in the home
  or assisted living facilities
• their attitudes toward deploying these
  technologies
• Different hypothesis amenable to
  theoretically-grounded tests will be established
• Detailed comprehensive evaluation carried out by
  professionals in real facilities (UIUC and WUSTL)

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I-Living System Architecture Design (Gateway Mode)

• Assisted Person (AP)s Home covered by Wireless
  LAN (WLAN)
• Gateway Router connects AP home WLAN to the
  Internet
• Assisted Living Hub (ALH) manages dumb devices
  through peripheral network (e.g. Bluetooth)

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I-Living System Architecture Design (Cellphone
Mode)

• In case of the Gateway Router failure, A
  Bluetooth Cellphone can dial up as a cellphone
  modem
• ALH and Smart Device associate with the cellphone
  modem through bluetooth network

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System Architecture Design of Assisted-Living-Hub
(ALH)

• Device Monitoring Daemons Detecting the entry
  and leaving of various assisted living devices
  (e.g. Bluetooth oximeter, Bluetooth scale, ZigBee
  accelerometers etc.)
• Device Registry Service Local database on what
  devices are available, and the proxy objects to
  access the corresponding devices.

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Security Mechanisms

• To protect information confidentiality (different
  visibility to different roles)
• Partial Encryption
• e.g. first encrypt the vital sign reading using
  the key between AP and clinician then encrypt
  the whole message (with administrative info)
  using the key known to AP, ALSP Server and the
  clinician. Therefore, although the message is
  stored in ALSP Server, but ALSP Server cannot
  read the vital sign.

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• To ensure data integrity in the home WLAN with
  link-level authentication and encryption
• Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Personal (WPA-PSK)
• Propose using specialized USB memory stick to
  deliver encryption keys

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Related Work

• Center for Future Health (CFH), University of
  Rochester
• Key component visual system for object
  recognition and tracking
• Aware Home, Georgia Tech
• Focuses on context awareness
• Smart In-Home Monitoring System, University of
  Virginia

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• Age-in-Place Advanced Smart-Home System, Intel
• Help elderly people with Alzheimers diseases

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In Situ Pilot Study
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User Interface for Clinicians
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User Interface for Residents
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Photo Collage
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Interface for Family and Friends
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Conclusion

• Study showed people can and will use the I-Living
  system.
• Openess and Flexibility is provided by deploying
  Device Registry Service, Proxy, Unified
  Application-Peripheral Communication APIs, XML
  and Java technology.
• Availability is ensured by enabling system to
  operate both in the Gateway Mode and Cellphone
  Mode.
• Security and Privacy are addressed partial
  encryption, WPA2-PSK

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• Thank You!