Theories Chapter 2 Next time: Prenatal Development and Birth Chapter 4

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Theories (Chapter 2)Next time Prenatal
Development and Birth (Chapter 4)
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Theories (Chapter 2)Next time Prenatal
Development and Birth (Chapter 4)
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Theories

• Psychoanalytic
• Learning Theory
• Cognitive-Developmental
• Ethological/Evolutionary
• Ecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner)

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Cognitive-Developmental
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Cognitive-Developmental

• Piaget
• Vygotsky/Sociocultural
• Information Processing

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Piaget (1896-1980)
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Piaget

• Trained in
• philosophy, especially epistemology
• natural sciences, especially biology

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Piagetian Emphases

• Commonalities
• Qualitative Change
• Stages

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Table 2-3, p. 62
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Piagetian Concepts

• Organization (p. 245)
• Adaptation (p. 245)
• Assimilation (p. 61)
• Accommodation (p. 61)

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Assimilation (p. 61) Piagets term for the
process by which children interpret new
experiences by incorporating them into their
existing schemes
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Accommodation (p. 61) Piagets term for the
process by which children modify their existing
schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new
experiences
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General Issues Piagetian Theory

• Normative-Idiographic Primarily normative
• Nature-Nurture Both important--an interactionist
  theory
• Active-Passive Strong emphasis on activity
• Holistic-Modular Strongly holistic
• Continuity-Discontinuity Both emphasized

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Theories

• Psychoanalytic
• Learning Theory
• Cognitive-Developmental
• Ethological/Evolutionary
• Ecological Systems

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Ethological/EvolutionaryLorenzTinbergenBowlby
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Ethological Emphases
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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study

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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study
• Naturalistic study

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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study
• Naturalistic study
• Biological bases for behavior

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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study
• Naturalistic study
• Biological bases for behavior
• Learning predispositions (e.g., imprinting)

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Imprinting (pp. 65, 440) An innate or
instinctual form of learning in which the young
of certain species will follow and become
attached to moving objects (usually their mothers)
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p. 65
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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study
• Naturalistic study
• Biological bases for behavior
• Learning predispositions (e.g., imprinting)
• Species-wide commonalities

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Ethological Emphases

• Comparative study
• Naturalistic study
• Biological bases for behavior
• Learning predispositions (e.g., imprinting)
• Species-wide commonalities
• Evolution

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General Issues Ethological

• Nature-Nurture Emphasis on nature
• Normative-Idiographic Primarily normative
• Continuity-Discontinuity Both emphasized

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Theories

• Psychoanalytic
• Learning Theory
• Cognitive-Developmental
• Ethological/Evolutionary
• Ecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner)

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Fig. 2-5, p. 70
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Microsystem (p. 69) The immediate settings
(including role relationships and activities)
that the person actually encounters the
innermost of Bronfenbrenners environmental
layers or contexts
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Fig. 2-5, p. 70
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Mesosystem (p. 69)Exosystem (p. 70)Macrosystem
(p. 70)Chronosystem (p. 71)
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Fig. 2-5, p. 70