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Parking pricing and management

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Public off-street car parks that they own and/or run. Car parks for their own staff ... Public off-street car parks that they don't own and/or run ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Parking pricing and management


1
Parking pricing and management
2
Parking policy
  • Problems negative impacts
  • Typical policy development
  • Policy conflicts
  • What do local authorities control?
  • Regulating and enforcing on-street parking
  • Off-street parking
  • Effect of parking on economic vitality
  • Park and ride
  • Gaining acceptance for parking policy
  • Some conclusions

3
Structure of seminar
  • At the end of todays class you should have an
    understanding of
  • Some definitions
  • Parking positive and negative impacts
  • Typical policy development, and policy conflicts
  • What do local authorities control?
  • Regulating and enforcing on-street parking
  • Off-street parking types, costs, control, uses
  • Effect of parking on economic vitality
  • Park and ride
  • Gaining public acceptance for parking policy
  • Lecture and tutorials to get you working with the
    material

4
Some definitions
On-street
Private non-residential (PNR)
Pay and display parking meter
Public off-street (can be in parking structures)
Public off-street
5
Positive impacts of parking policy
  • Has an impact on mode share
  • Can support local economic development
  • Major revenue earner
  • Improves road safety
  • Influences car ownership

6
Negative impacts of parking
  • Effect of on street parking (and parking search)
    on
  • congestion,
  • road safety
  • environment
  • blocking bus lanes and stops footways and
    crossings
  • Off-street
  • Construction costs and space used
  • Surface - 3k/space
  • Structure 15-20k/space
  • Underground - 25k/space upwards
  • Peak car journeys induced esp. by PNR

7
Task
  • For your town or city, what are the key problems
    and issues related to parking?
  • Take 10 minutes working with your neighbour to
    think about this.
  • Then we will discuss this, to look for
    commonalities and differences.

8
Policy conflicts
  • Economic vitality

Demand/congestion management
?
Safety/ accessibility
Revenue raising
9
Typical development of a parking policy
  • From COST 342 (especially relevant to on-street
    policy)
  • Stage 1 no problems,
  • Stage 2 as demand gt supply, regulations
    introduced
  • Stage 3 - demand further increases time limits
    introduced to favour short stay shoppers,
    visitors
  • Stage 4 commuters pushed further out conflict
    with residents residents zones introduced
  • Stage 5 more and more differentiation of
    parking tariffs
  • Stage 6 park and ride.
  • Stage 7 inclusion of parking in mobility
    management

10
What do local authorities control?
  • They control
  • Regulation of on-street parking
  • (In a few countries) enforcement of on-street
    parking
  • Parking standards for new development
  • Public off-street car parks that they own and/or
    run
  • Car parks for their own staff
  • BUT they dont control
  • PNR and residential parking, once built
  • Public off-street car parks that they dont own
    and/or run
  • (In most countries) enforcement of on-street
    parking including setting fines and collecting
    money

11
So parking policies to manage demand
12
Regulating/enforcing on-street parking
Local authorities across Europe have powers Can
take time to implement Consultation
  • Enforcement powers
  • Differences across Europe
  • Trend (?) from police to local authority
  • Parking low priority for police and courts
  • E.g. of UK decriminalised parking system

13
Some on-street parking prices
  • Fee per hour () (2002) Vienna 0.87 Brussels
    0.50 Paris 1.00 3.00 Lyon 1.50
    5.00 Bremen 0.60 1.50 Cologne 1.00
    2.00 Stuttgart 0.20 2.00 Munich 2.00
    2.50 Dublin 1.00 1.90 Amsterdam 1.60 -
    2.50 Maastricht 1.40 Lisbon 0.50 Madrid 0.
    60 1.20 Barcelona 0.90 1.20 Edinburgh 1.20
    3.00 Central London 7.00

14
Off-street parking
  • Public off-street vs private off-street (PNR)
  • Major industry who controls it?
  • Prices should be
  • lt on-street?
  • Higher per hour for longer stays
  • Who builds off-street public parking? Who pays
    for it? How much does it cost?
  • Off-street parking for residents?
  • e.g. Lyon

15
Parking and economic vitality
  • Does more parking lead to a better economy?
  • Does less parking lead to a worse economy?
  • What role does parking play in
  • Where shoppers choose to shop?
  • Where companies choose to locate?
  • Are certain traders more dependent on parking
    than others?

16
Park and ride 1
  • Why build park and ride?
  • 1970-1990 220 growth in PR sites and 337
    increase in PR spaces in Europe (COST 342)
  • Successful PR needs
  • Frequent fast (cheap) public transport to centre
  • Lack of parking in centre
  • Easy road access to car park
  • High quality secure facilities
  • of demand will come from trips previously made
    completely by PT
  • Unofficial PR?

17
Park and ride 2
  • Effects of PR on traffic (COST 342)
  • Vienna PR takes 12 of city centre-bound
    traffic
  • Chester 20
  • Madrid 20,000 users per day Barcelona, 12,000
    Hanover, 10,000.
  • Strasbourg PR key element in success of tram
    line. 43 of motorised trips now made by public
    transport.
  • Oxford, UK 3-9 reduction in city-centre bound
    traffic.

18
Parking standards for new development
  • amount of parking provided with new buildings
  • Catering for demand or controlling demand?
  • Relating parking provision to public transport
    accessibility
  • Catering for specific users e.g. disabled,
    parents, cyclists
  • Should there be central government guidance on
    parking standards?
  • Response of developers to constraints on parking
    provision

19
PPG13 Parking standards (UK)
  • These are maximum standards
  • Food retail 1 space per 14m2
  • Non food retail 1 space per 20m2
  • Cinemas and conference facilities 1 space per 5
    seats
  • B1 including offices 1 space per 30m2 1 space
    per 2-3 staff
  • Higher and further education - 1 space per 2
    staff 1 space per 15 students
  • Stadia 1 space per 15 seats
  • Residential (PPG3) max 1.5 spaces/house

20
Parking standards elsewhere
  • Europe moving towards maximum standards

21
Parking and mobility management
  • Mobility management use of soft measures to
    get more out of transport system
  • Parking manages mobility
  • Mobility management should include
  • Parking/park and ride information
  • Parking management at large employers and at
    events
  • Links between parking pricing/payment and public
    transport pricing/payment

22
Implementing workplace parking management
  • When parking charging or rationing implemented as
    part of site-based mobility management, need to
    take into account
  • Need for clear objectives and recognition of a
    problem
  • Process of implementing charge
  • Levels of charge, exemption from them
  • Enforcement
  • Employees contracts
  • Administration
  • Use of charge
  • Overspill

23
Gaining acceptance for parking policy
  • Communication of changes and reasons for them
  • Public know and understand the measures.
  • Perceived benefit
  • fees and other regulations related to size of
    problem.
  • Alternative transport exists to a good standard.
  • Revenue used fairly and transparently
  • Parking regulations enforced consistently and
    fairly,
  • Fines not excessive and related to seriousness of
    the offence

24
Conclusions
  • Parking - key determinant of mode choice
  • Parking - key feature of urban transport policy
  • Parking provision - should be controlled and
    related to accessibility by other modes?
  • Link between parking and economic vitality
    complex and unclear
  • PNR can be addressed with political will
  • Controlled zones can bring big local benefits
  • Park and ride needs careful evaluation

25
Task
  • Read the summary of the conclusions from COST
    342.
  • Think ready to discuss
  • Are these conclusions relevant to your town and
    city?
  • Are there conclusions missing?
  • How would you go about implementing the
    recommendations?
  • What barriers would you face in implementing the
    recommendations?

26
Task
  • Work individually.
  • You are responsible for the parking policy of
    your own town or city.
  • For your city/town, you have to develop an
    outline of a parking strategy. You have 45
    minutes to do this. In it, you must consider
  • What are the most problematic issues?
  • What policies will you choose to implement, and
    why?
  • What will be the biggest barriers to implementing
    policy and how might you try to overcome these?
  • Are there any problems/issues that you wont be
    able to address effectively?
  • What further information do you need to be able
    to make effective decisions?
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