Sleep and Dream states

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Sleep and Dream states

• Consciousness
• What is consciousness?
• Consciousness is what goes on between your ears
  when you are awake?
• DREAMING is a state of consciousness
• Altered states of consciousness
• Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?

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Sleep and wakefulness

• Seem different but have a lot in common
• In sleep
• we may talk
• we may walk
• we have memories
• we can even plan things!
• Sleep patterns vary - average 7/8 hours per
  night

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Sleep

• Disruption of sleep leads to fatigue
• What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?
• Brain activity can be recorded by an EEG
• Electroencephalogram

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Sleep and dream states

• Every 24 hours we sleep
• we spend 30 of our lives asleep
• sleep is an active NOT a passive behaviour
• Dement and Kleitman (1950s)
• the five stages of sleep
• National Initiatives
• UfI
• NGFL
• Sector Developments
• Connectivity
• Local initiatives
• Inclusivity and widening participation

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The brain and its states...

• Waking EEGs -
• Desynchronised brain waves
• not all chanting together

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The stages of sleep

• Before sleep
• just as we fall asleep
• synchronised alpha waves
• heart rate slows, temperature falls
• muscle tension reduces

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The stages of sleep

• Stage 1 sleep - alpha waves reduced
• less desynchronised brain activity
• Stage 2 sleep - synchronised brain activity
• larger and slower waves
• bursts of sharp spikes
• (sleep spindles)

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The stages of sleep

• Stage 3 sleep - slow delta waves
• less sleep spindles
• heart and breathing rate continue to fall
• Stage 4 sleep - only delta waves
• arousal threshold high (people are hard to wake
  up)
• 4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep
• all synchronised slow wave activity

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REM sleep

• REM sleep - after about 90 minutes EEG shows
  SHIFT into fast desynchronised brain activity
• heart rate increases
• skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis)
• Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)

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REM sleep

• REM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep then back
  through stage 2 3 and 4
• this cycle repeats every 90 minutes
• 5 or 6 cycles per night
• towards morning more REM sleep
• we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more in early
  morning

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What is sleep FOR?

• The evolutionary theory
• All species sleep, thus sleep MUST have a
  valuable function (survival of the species)
• Do animals need sleep?
• Rats deprived of sleep die after 21 days
• Jouvet - cats the flower pot technique
• (These animals may have died of stress)

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Human sleep deprivation?

• REM sleep seems important
• The Randy Gardner study
• volunteers who are gradually deprived of sleep
• (sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours)
• pack REM sleep into the time they CAN sleep

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Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?

• How can we find out?
• IDEAS on a post card please!!!!!

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Dement and Kleitman

• Developed a rigorous and objective test
• of the
• relationship between REM sleep and dreaming

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Dement and Kleitman

• Three ways to collect data
• First DV
• Dream recall during REM and NREM sleep
• they woke people up and asked them if they had
  dreamed

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Dement and Kleitman

• Three ways to collect data
• 2nd DV
• Subjective estimate of the duration of dreams
  CORRELATED to the duration of REM before awakened
• they asked people to say how long their dreams
  had lasted

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Dement and Kleitman

• Three ways to collect data
• 3rd DV- patterns of eye movements were related to
  the reported dream content
• to test whether the movement represented specific
  expression of the visual dream experience

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Dement and Kleitman

• Third DV - the criteria
• FOUR eye movement patterns
• 1 mainly vertical
• 2 mainly horizontal
• 3 vertical horizontal
• 4 little or none

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Dement and Kleitman

• Have we all got that?
• 3 ways to collect the data (DVs)
• self report of dreaming
• self report of length of dream - correlated to
  length of EEG REM
• correlation of eye movement to reported dream
  content

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Dement and Kleitman

• 9 participants (7 male 2 female)
• only 5 studied intensively
• method - a lab experiment
• The procedure - Ps asked to refrain from alcohol
  caffeine
• Report at bed time to sleep lab

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Dement and Kleitman

• Ps go to bed in quiet room
• Electrodes stuck next to eyes to record eye
  movements
• Electrodes stuck to scalp to record brain waves
  (EEG)
• All attached by single wire to EEG (lead wire at
  top of bed)

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Dement and Kleitman

• Now - Ps awakened through the night to test their
  dream recall
• 21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep
• 29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep
• 28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep
• 22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep

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Dement and Kleitman

• They were woken by a bell placed next to the bed
• when woken the Ps spoke into a recording device
  near the bed
• FIRST - they said whether they had been dreaming
• NEXT they said what they were dreaming about (if
  they could)

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Dement and Kleitman

• CONTROL
• No communication between experimenter and sleeper
  until after they told of their dream content
• in case the experimenter suggested the content

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Dement and Kleitman

• CONTROL
• They were NOT told whether they had been woken in
  REM sleep or in NREM sleep
• Woken in BOTH REM and NREM

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• dream reports (DV1)
• REM SLEEP
• 191 awakenings
• 152 dream reports
• 39 no dream reports

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• Dream reports (DV1)
• NREM sleep
• 160 awakenings
• 11 dream reports
• 149 no dream reports

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• dream reports (DV1)
• HIGH incidence of dream recall after REM
• LOW incidence of dream recall after NREM

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• Length of dream correlated to length of REM (DV2)
• How was this done??
• Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes of REM
  and asked to guess how long they had been
  dreaming
• (5 or 15 minutes)

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• 5 minutes REM SLEEP
• 45 reports were right
• 6 reports were wrong
• 15 minutes REM sleep
• 47 reports were right
• 13 reports were wrong

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• length of dream correlated to length of REM (DV2)
  
• most Ps guessed accurately except one P who could
  only remember the ends of dreams

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Dement and Kleitman

• FINDINGS of 9 participants
• relationship between the type of eye movement to
  CONTENT of dream
• (DV3)
• Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement was regular
  (vertical etc)
• 21 wakings - reports always looking at people or
  objects near to them

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• 3 out of 35 awakenings were for vertical
  movements
• Standing at the bottom of cliff hoisting things
  up
• Climbing a ladder
• Playing basketball

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One horizontal awakening Throwing tomatoes
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10 little or no eye movement 2 occasions driving
car looking into distance then look left at car
pulling out or man waving A quick glance left
observed just before waking
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Dement and Kleitman

• SUMMARY conclusions
• regularly occurring REMs every night
• Most Ps recalled dreaming in REM
• lack of dream recall light brain waves suggest
  NO dreaming in NREM
• Objective measurement of dreaming MAY be achieved
  by recording REMS while people sleep

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Dement and Kleitman

• Evaluation
• REM sleep is important
• the brain needs to sleep to organise itself
• evidence
• babies sleep longer than old people
• REM is longer after complex tasks

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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS

• Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?
• Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol /
  caffeine?
• Why was it important that the Ps did not know
  whether they were in REM or NREM?
• Does the size of the sample matter?

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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS

• Why might the sleep patterns be different when
  the Ps sleep in their own beds?
• Why might some of the Ps have recalled dreams
  when they were woken in NREM
• To whom can we generalise the findings?
• Was the study ethical?

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Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS

• What was the IV?
• What were the three DVs?
• What is the MAIN disadvantage of correlational
  analysis?
• Have D K established that dreaming ONLY occurs
  in REM sleep?

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Dement and Kleitman

• YOU MUST read this study up
• Also -
• try to read a chapter on SLEEP RESEARCH in GROSS
  or CARDWELL

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Dement and Kleitman

• Try recalling your own dreams
• Keep a dream diary
• Do you dream more after you have been studying
  hard?
• The end