Testing selected solutions to control urban sprawl

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Testing selected solutionsto control urban sprawl

• The Brussels case city

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The Brussels case study

• Brussels metropolitan area
• About 2.7 millions inhabitants
• About 1.2 millions jobs
• Brussels-Capital Region
• About 1 million inhabitants
• Lost 120 000 inhabitants in 30 years
• About 650 000 jobs

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Brussels Metropolitan area 2.7 millions
inhabitants 1.2 million jobs Brussels-Capital
Region 1 million inhabitants 650 000 jobs
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The RER project

• High quality, rapid and frequent train services
  within a radius of 30 km around the centre of
  Brussels
• Also serving the Brussels-Capital Region
• Investment cost about 900 millions
• Risk re-launch of urban sprawl

Short run impact on mobility strong modal shift
towards PT,shorter road travel times strong
reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant
emissions
Long run impact on spatial structure risk of
re-launch of urban sprawl increased land
consumption longer trips rising of the fuel
consumption road congestion springing up again
within the next 20 years
? Necessity to implement accompanying measures
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• Short run impact on mobility strong modal shift
  towards PT
• Long run impact on spatial structure risk of
  re-launch of urban sprawl

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Objectives of the accompanying measures

• Reinforce the modal shift from private car
  towards public transport
• Counterbalance the long run negative effect of
  the RER which incites households to out-migrate
  towards the periphery

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Integrated land use/transport modelling
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Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (1/5)

• Increase of car use cost
• Increase of the cost per km ( 50 )
• Increase applied only to drivers using a company
  car (100 )
• Cordon pricing (7.5 /day)
• Parking restriction
• Restriction of parking capacity alone
• Capacity restriction pricing
• Test of spatially different implementations of
  the policy

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Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (2/5)

• HOV dedicated lanes on 5 radial motorways
• Regional express buses on radial highways (19
  lines) dedicated lanes
• In both cases together with reduction of
  capacity for (single occupancy) private cars
• Increase of the commercial speed of public
  transport
• In the Brussels-capital Region
• In periphery (local buses driving users to the
  RER stations)

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Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (3/5)

• Implementation of park ride facilities
• Improving intermodality at railway stations
• (decrease of access time)
• Alternative operating scheme for the RER
• Changes in the fares of public transport (-20 ,
  20 )

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Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (4/5)

• Improvement of quality of life in residential
  neighbourhoods in the inner city within the
  Brussels-Capital Region (5 communes)
• Corollary of the previous policy implementation
  of a hierarchy in the road network of the
  Brussels-Capital Region ? reduction of network
  capacity (by 15 )

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Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (5/5)

• Territorial fiscal measures applied to
  households/residential developments
• Fiscal incentive (annual tax reduction) in urban
  areas annual tax in suburban/rural areas
• Territorial fiscal measures and regulatory
  measures applied to companies
• Inspired from the ABC theory
• Applied to the sector services to business

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Two stages of simulation and evaluation

• First stage Simulation of individual measures
• Second stage Combination of measures
• Combination of priority measures selected by the
  Administration new reference scenario
• Combination of other measures tested on the new
  reference

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Synthesis of results Individual measures (1/3)

• Most effective policies reduction of urban
  sprawl
• Road pricing
• Fiscal measures related to land use
• Regulatory land use measure
• Indirect effects of land use policies
• Household-targeted policies indirect effects on
  employment
• Employment-targeted policies indirect effects
  on population

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Effect on the number of households in the
Brussels-Capital Region
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Effect on the number of households in the urban
areas
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Effect on the number of jobs in the
Brussels-Capital Region
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Effect on the number of jobs in the urban areas
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Synthesis of results Individual measures (2/3)

• All policies decreasing the generalised transport
  cost incite to urban sprawl
• Improvement of PT commercial speed
• Reduction of PT fare
• Decrease of access time to rail stations
• Decrease of the generalised transport cost
  limited to the central area makes it more
  attractive
• See the results of the policy improving the PT
  commercial speed within the Brussels-Capital
  Region

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Synthesis of results Individual measures (3/3)

• Most effective policies environmental impacts
• Road pricing
• Parking pricing parking capacity restriction
• Express buses
• Road pricing
• Increase of cost per km / cordon pricing
• Parking policy
• Local negative effect on employment
• Hence spatial competition to be carefully
  considered when implementing such a policy

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Effect on the vehicle-km by car
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Criteria for the design of packages

• Criteria chosen in order to express the
  objectives
• Minimise the car mileage (proxy for the fuel
  consumption)
• Maximise the urban concentration
• i.e. the part of households and employment
  located in urban areas, including the
  Brussels-Capital Region and the peripheral urban
  centres
• ?

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Selected policy package

• Components of the selected package
• Increase of car cost per km ( 50 )
• congestion pricing increase of car use cost
  during the peak hours in the RER area
• Decrease of PT fare for trips to work place (- 20
  )
• Fiscal measure on residential developments
• impact fee on new residential site developments
• fiscal reduction in urban areas
• Fiscal measure on services to business
• annual impact fee per employee when located in
  areas poorly served by public transport

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Effect on the number of households in the urban
areas
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Effect on the number of jobs in the urban areas
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Effect on the vehicle-km by car