ACOUSTICS OF PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS IV' EASTERN AND WESTERN BELLS, OLD AND NEW

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ACOUSTICS OF PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTSIV. EASTERN
AND WESTERN BELLS, OLD AND NEW

• Thomas Rossing
• Stanford University

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Two tone bell ancient China
Tzar Kolokol Russia
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HOOVER TOWER STANFORD
MANY BELLS ARE FOUND IN CARILLONS AROUND THE
WORLD
48 BELLS, REFURBISHED IN 1999 BY EIJBOUTS FOUNDRY
IN HOLLAND
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VIBRATIONAL MODES OF CIRCULAR PLATES
CLAMPED OR HINGED EDGE
FREE EDGE
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FIRST FIVE VIBRATIONAL MODES OF A CHURCH BELL OR
CARILLON BELL
fn/fs
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TUNED CHURCH BELL OR CARILLON BELL
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MOTION OF A BELL FOR INEXTENSIONAL MODES OF SMALL
m
m0 represents twisting modes m1 represents
swinging modes As m increases, radial
components become large compared with tangential
components
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PERIODIC TABLE OF BELL MODES
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Bells
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MOTION OF A BELL FOR THE m 3, RING AXIAL MODE
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MODAL SHAPES IN A CHURCH BELL PREDICTED BY
FINITE ELEMENT CALCULATION FOR THE INEXTENSIONAL
MODES
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MOTION OF A BELL FOR EXTENSIONAL MODES OF SMALL m
Extensional modes involve stretching and occur
at high frequencies
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TUNING A BELL ON A VERTICAL LATHE
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TUNING AND TEMPERAMENT IN CHURCH BELLS OR
CARILLON BELLS
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STRIKE NOTE OF A BELL
? A SUBJECTIVE NOTE ? DETERMINED BY THREE MODES
THAT ARE NEARLY HARMONIC IN FREQUENCY
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(4,1)
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PARTIALS ON THE STRIKE NOTE
(6,1)
TIERCE
PRIME
(5,1)
QUINT
HUM
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SCALING OF BELLS
fk/r mcr3 C/k remains more of less constant
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(No Transcript)
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MAJOR THIRD BELLS
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MAJOR AND MINOR THIRD BELLS
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WORLD PEACE BELL
NEWPORT, KENTUCKY
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PEACE BELLS
Hiroshima
Australian
Justice Bell Valley Forge
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MORE PEACE BELLS
Okinawa Peace Bell
Korean
Liberty Bell
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HANDBELLS

• HANDBELLS DATE BACK AT LEAST SEVERAL CENTURIES
  BC, ALTHOUGH TUNED HANDBELLS WERE DEVELOPED IN
  THE 18TH CENTURY
• THERE ARE OVER 50,000 HANDBELL CHOIRS IN THE
  UNITED STATES ALONE
• MOST HANDBELLS HAVE ONE OVERTONE TUNED TO 3 TIMES
  THE FREQUENCY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL

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HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY
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VIBRATIONAL MODES OF A HANDBELL
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MODE FREQUENCIES IN TWO HANDBELLS
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PERIODIC TABLE OF HANDBELL MODES
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EXPERIMENTAL MODAL TESTING
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(No Transcript)
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SPECTRA OF G4 AND G5 HANDBELLS STRUCK WITH HARD
AND SOFT CLAPPERS
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SOUND RADIATION FROM HANDBELLS
TOP MULTIPOLE RADIATION AT FREQUENCIES OF (2,0)
AND (3,0) MODES BOTTOM RADIATION AT TWICE THE
FREQUENCY OF THE (2,0) MODE DUE TO NET VOLUME
CHANGE
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PRINCIPAL PARTIALS OF HANDBELL SOUND ALONG THE
AXIS AND AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE AXIS
ALONG THE AXIS
RIGHT ANGLE
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ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF SOUND RADIATED FROM A C5
HANDBELL AT 1 m
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HANDBELL SCALING
MALMARK, SCHULMERICH, WHITECHAPELL AND PETIT
FRITSEN
MALMARK HANDBELLS
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G1 ALUMINUM BASS HANDBELL (Worlds largest
handbell)
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MODES OF A SWISS COWBELL
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ANCIENT CHINESE TWO-TONE BELLS
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TWO-TONE BELLS OF ANCIENT CHINA
NIUZHONG
NAO
YONGZHONG
BO
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ZENG HOU YIHUBEI PROVENCE, 433 BC
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Chinese Bell Church Bell Handbell
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EXAMINING BELLS AT THE SACKLERGALLERY
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VIBRATIONAL MODES OF A MODERN CHINESE TWO-TONE
BELL
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MODE FREQUENCIES OF A TWO-TONE BELL
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ZENG HOU YI BELLS
INTERVAL BETWEEN A- AND B- TONES IN
ZENG HOU YI BELLS
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HOW IS THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE A AND B TONES
DETERMINED?
BY THE ECCENTRICITY? BY VARIATION IN WALL
WIDTH? OTHER??
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DEPENDENCE OF B/A INTERVAL ON ECCENTRICITY
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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TEMPLE BELLS IN THE GREAT BELL TEMPLE,BEIJING
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YONG LE BELL IN THE GREAT BELL TEMPLE,
BEIJING(45 tons, 5.5 meters in diameter)
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TEMPLE BELLS OF KOREA, CHINA, JAPAN
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KING SONGDOK (EMILLE) BELL KOREA(771 AD)
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8th CENTURY TEMPLE BELL KOREAYONGJU SA, SUWON
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OLDEST TEMPLE BELL IN JAPAN (575 AD)
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MODERN TEMPLE BELLOSAKA
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DOTAKU DATING FROM THE YAYOI CULTURE (250 BC TO
250 AD)
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION