EXPLAINING AND COMPARING THE POSITION OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN THE POSTSOCIALIST TRANSITIONS IN EASTE

1
EXPLAINING AND COMPARING THE POSITION OF ALCOHOL
AND DRUGS IN THE POST-SOCIALIST TRANSITIONS IN
EASTERN EUROPE

• JACEK MOSKALEWICZ
• INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, WARSAW,
  POLAND

2
GREAT VARIATION OF DRINKING CULTURES WITHIN
EASTERN EUROPE

• SPIRITS DRINKING CULTURES (BALTIC STATES, RUSSIA,
  BELARUS, UKRAINE, POLAND)
• BEER DRINKING CULTURES (CZECHOSLOVAKIA, GERMAN
  DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC)
• WINE DRINKING CULTURES (HUNGARY, ROMANIA,
  YUGOSLAVIA, BULGARIA)

3
THREE POST-WAR DECADES FOLLOWED A PATTERN OF
CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION OF THE WHOLE CONTINENT

• CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONVERGED
• SHARE OF NON-TRADITIONAL BEVERAGES TENDED TO
  INCREASE AT THE EXPENSE OF TRADITIONAL BEVERAGES

4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
PER CAPITA SPIRITS CONSUMPTION. EUROPE 1980

• POLAND 6.0
• HUNGARY 4.8
• GDR 4.7
• CZECHOSLOVAKIA 3.5
• SOVIET UNION 3.3
• FRG 3.1
• FINLAND 3.0
• SWEDEN 2.7

8
HIGH SPIRITS CONSUMPTION IN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES

• CULTURAL DOMINANCE OF THE LARGEST COUNTRIES
  (SOVIET UNION, POLAND),
• UNDERDEVELOPED MARKET,
• SMALL SHOPS,
• LITTLE STORAGE SPACE,
• POOR REFRIGERATING CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,
• FEMINISATION OF SHOP STAFF,
• HIGH BUDGET REVENUES.

9
ATTEMPTS TO DECREASE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION FROM THE
1980S

• BOTTOM UP SOLIDARITY CAMPAIGN (1980-82)
• TOP DOWN GORBATSCHOVS CRUSADE (1985-86)

10
REACHING FOR MORAL SUPERIORITY AND EVENTUALLY FOR
POWER THE SOLIDARITY CLAIMED THAT

• THE PARTY PUSHED ALCOHOL
• TO INCREASE BUDGET REVENUES,
• TO GOVERN OVER DRUNKEN SOCIETY

11
REACHING FOR MORAL SUPERIORITY OVER PREVIOUS
PARTY LEADERS, GORBATSCHOV SENT OUT A SYMBOLIC
MESSAGE

• ANTI-ALCOHOL CRUSADE WAS SUPPOSED
• TO MEAN
• SIGNIFICANT DISTINCTION FROM PREVIOUS LEADERS
  FAMOUS OF THEIR DRUNKENNESS,
• SERIOUS DETERMINATION TO CHANGE THE COUNTRY
  RADICALLY,
• SUBSTANTIAL POWER TO INTERFERE AND CONTROL THE
  MOST PRIVATE BEHAVIOUR OF THE PEOPLE

12
(No Transcript)
13
POWER TRIANGLE BEFORE TRANSITION
THE STATE
MARKET
CIVIC SOCIETY
14
POLITICAL TRANSITIONS REINFORCED DEPRIVATION OF
THE STATE FROM ITS PREVIOUS POWERS (CONCEPT OF
DISPERTION OF POWER JON PIERRE AND GUY PETERS)

• STATES POWERS HAVE BEEN MOVED
• UP TO INTERNATIONAL BODIES AND TREATIES (EU, WTO,
  GATT),
• OFF TO COMMERCIAL SECTOR WITH STRONG
  MULTI-NATIONAL COMPONENT,
• DOWN TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES.

15
POWER TRIANGLE IN TRANSITION
MARKET
THE STATE
CIVIC SOCIETY
16
RAPID CHANGE IN OWNERSHIPOF ALCOHOL ECONOMY

• RAPID PRIVATISATION OF RETAIL DISTRIBUTION
  NETWORK
• PRIVATISATION OF WHOLESALE SECTOR
• DE-MONOPOLISATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
• DE-MONOPOLISATION OF PRODUCTION
• SUBSTANTIAL FOREIGN SHARE, PARTICULARLY IN THE
  BREWING INDUSTRY

17
CONSEQUENCES OF DE-LOCATION OF POWER AND
OWNERSHIP

• SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES IN LEGISLATION IN FAVOUR OF
  ECONOMIC INTERESTS,
• PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ACCESS SUBSTANTIALLY
  INCREASED,
• BEER AS A PRIVILEGED BEVERAGE IN ALCOHOL
  LEGISLATION,
• BEER BOOM IN FORMER SPIRITS COUNTRIES,
• ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION INCREASED OR REMAINED AT THE
  RELATIVELY HIGH LEVEL,
• HIGH ALCOHOL RELATED MORTALITY (POISONING, LIVER
  CIRRHOSIS)
• SIGNIFICANT SHARE OF UNRECORDED CONSUMPTION,
• SHRINKING BUDGET REVENUES,
• EXPANSION OF UNRECORDED ECONOMY.

18
ECONOMIC ACCESSABILITY
ECONOMIC ACCESSABILITY OF VODKAAND PHYSICAL
AVAILABILITY OF ALCOHOL. POLAND
19
(No Transcript)
20
PER ADULT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 2002 SHARE OF
UNRECORDED CONSUMPTION
21
TRENDS IN BEER CONSUMPTION IN SELECTED CEEC
22
(No Transcript)
23
EUROPEISATION OF EUROPEAN ALCOHOL POLICY

• A POSITION OF ALCOHOL QUESTION INCREASED WITHIN
  EU AFTER ACCESSION OF NORDIC COUNTRIES WITH A
  LONG TRADITION OF ACTIVE ALCOHOL POLICY. NEW
  ALCOHOL POLICY COALITION EMERGES.

24
GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE TO KEEP ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION DOWN

• COUNTRY AGREE OR STRONGLY AGREE
• LATVIA 76
• SWEDEN 75
• ITALY 70
• ESTONIA 66
• POLAND 63
• LITHUANIA 61
• FRANCE 60
• UK 48
• FINLAND 38
• GERMANY 29
• SOURCE T. REJTAN 2004

25
HISTORY OF PROBLEM REINCARNATION. DRUGS ABUSE IN
POLAND

• FROM A MEDICAL CONDITION TO POLITICAL PROBLEM,
• FROM INDIVIDUAL HABIT TO COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR,
• FROM CULTURAL EXPRESSION TO SOCIAL PROBLEM,
• FROM HIDDEN PROBLEM TO PUBLIC ISSUE,
• FROM SOCIAL PROBLEM TO CRIMINAL QUESTION.

26
THE 1960S. FROM MEDICAL CONDTION TO POLITICAL
PROBLEM

• MEDICAL CONDITION
• DRUG ABUSE RESTRICTED
• TO IATROGENIC COMPLICATIONS
• AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONS
• POLITICAL PROBLEM
• DRUG PROBLEM DEFINED AS A PLAGUE
• OF CAPITALIST SOCIETY

27
THE 1960S CONTINUED

• POLITICAL PROBLEM AS MUCH AS
• CULTURAL EXPRESSION (AROUND 1968
• POLAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
• YUGOSLAVIA)
• SYMBOL OF PROTEST,
• AFFILIATION TO NEW VALUES,
• GENERATION IDENTITY
• STATES RESPONSE DRUG ABUSE ABUSED
• TO BLAME PROTEST MOVEMENT

28
THE 1970S. FROM POLITICAL ISSUE TO HIDDEN PROBLEM

• HIDDEN PROBLEM
• SOCIAL (STATES) RESPONSE
• CONSISTED OF STRICTER CONTROLS
• OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS
• INVENTION OF POLISH HEROIN,
• BEGINNING OF INJECTING USE

29
THE 1980S. FROM HIDDEN QUESTION TO PUBLIC ISSUE

• PUBLIC ISSUE
• PROBLEM OF MALADJUSTMENT
• STATES RESPONSE
• THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES,
• GREEN LIGHT FOR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS,
• LIBERAL DRUG LEGISLATION (POSSESSION OF DRUGS NOT
  PENALISED)

30
THE 1980S, CONTINUED

• DRUG ABUSE IN POLAND LEVELLS OFF
• SPREAD OF POLISH HEROIN FOLLOWS
• WEST-EAST PATH OF TRANSMISSION
• OF CULTURAL PATTERNS

31
THE 1990S. FROM SOCIAL PROBLEM TO CRIMINAL
QUESTION

• INCREASE OF PREVALENCE RATES
• FROM DOMESTIC DRUGS TO IMPORTED STUFF
• AMPHETAMINE AND AMPHETAMINE LIKE STIMULANTS
• MARIHUANA AS A MAJOR ILLICIT DRUG OF ABUSE
• STATES RESPONSE RESTRICTIVE
• APPROACH (PENALISATION OF DRUG
• POSSESSION)

32
LIFE TIME PREVALENCE OF DRUG USE AMONG 15-16
YEARS OLD. POLAND
33
PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE AMONG 15-16 YEARS OLD.
POLAND
34
LIFE TIME PREVALENCE USE OF CANNABIS. ESPAD
35
PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE IN CEEC
36
BUYING POWER AND PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE
37
DRUG REALTED CRIMES. POLAND