Crime Scenes and Technology

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Crime Scenes and Technology
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Raymond E. Foster, MPA
EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL TRAINING Doctoral
Student, Touro University International Winter
2006 MPA, Public Financial Management
California State University, Fullerton 4.0 GPA
(Member Phi Kappa Phi) - 2003 BA, Criminal
Justice The Union Institute 1999 National
Institute for Justice, Technology Institute,
Washington, DC Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Incident Command System
POST Courses POST Certificates West Point
Leadership Program Management Instructor
Development Course Supervisor Middle
Manager Advanced Officer Watch
Commander Intermediate Officer Supervisory
Development Basic Officer
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Publications

• De-briefing Suspects An Analysis of the Crime
  Control Tactic of Gathering Criminal
  Intelligence from Arrested Persons LAPD
  Intranet, September 1999.
• Police Technology Prentice Hall, July 2004.
• Five Tactics for Taking Civil Service Multiple
  Choice Examinations www.hitechcj.com, January
  2004.
• Hi Tech Criminal Justice Newsletter 2003 to
  Present (Editor).
• Police Pursuit Technology Modern Marvels,
  History Channel, September 2004, (Technical
  Advisor).
• Tailored Technology Mobile Government,
  September 2004.
• Air-to-Ground Communications Airbeat Magazine,
  October 2004.
• Returning to the Scene of the Crime High
  Definition Survey Technology and Law
  Enforcement Government Technology Magazine,
  March 2005.

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More Pubs..

• Small Unit Leadership (Policeone.com, April
  2005)
• Terrorism Crime or Asymmetrical Warfare
  (Policeone.com, May 2005).
• Homeland Security A Needs Assessment (Part I)
  (Policeone.com, June 2005)
• Homeland Security A Needs Assessment (Part II)
  (Policeone.com, June 2005)
• Lessons Learned Overseas (Policeone.com, July
  2005).
• Lessons Learned Overseas Police Technology for
  Counter Terrorism (Policeone.com, August
  2005)
• The Jump Start Small Unit Leadership (Part I of
  XII) www.hitechcj.com, July 2005

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More Pubs..

• Field Tactics and the Toughbook Arbitrator
  (Policeone.com, August 2005)
• Cop Cars From Buck Boards to Buck Rogers
  (Policeone.com, September 2005)
• National Response Plan The Local Perspective
  (Policeone.com, September 2005).
• Morale Whose Job is it Anyways?
  (Policeone.com, September 2005).
• Homeland Security An Overview of the National
  Response Plan (Policeone.com, October 2005).
• The Age of the Patrol Vehicle Platform
  (Policeone.com, October 2005.

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More Pubs..

• Homeland Security and the New Threats of Global
  Terrorism From Cold War to Flaming Hot War
  (Prentice Hall, February 2007) Co-Authors
  retired Maj. General Dror Itzhaki (Israeli
  Security Services) and Dr. Reuven Paz.
• An Introduction to Policing From NYPD to LAPD
  (Prentice Hall, January 2007) Co-Author Dr.
  James OKeefe, Ph.D., Associate Professor, St.
  Johns University, New York.
• Pre-publication reviewer Introduction to
  Biometrics (Prentice Hall, 2006) by Steve Elliot
• Current Working Project with Dr. Andrew Harvey
  Leadership Texas Hold Em Style.
• Prepared and submitted several successful grant
  applications.

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Brief Work History

• CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON
• (Part-time Lecturer) 2004 Present
• UNION INSTITUTE AND UNIVERISTY
• (Faculty Advisor and Instructor) 2004 Present
• HI TECH CRIMINAL JUSTICE
• 2003 Present Owner
• FOSTER YOUTH CONNECTION
• 2003 Present Founding Board Chair
• LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT 1980-2004
• LIEUTENANT (1997-- 2004)
• SERGEANT (1988 1997)
• POLICE OFFICER (1980 1988)

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Crime Scene

• A location that may contain evidence of a crime.

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Crime Scenes

• A search of an offenders home may yield
  evidence, but not be the location the crime
  occurred.
• Protocols for scene protection, documentation and
  evidence recovery are critical at all crime scenes

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• Boundaries of the scene start at a focal point,
  such as a body or point of entry and extend
  outward to include
• Where the crime occurred.
• Potential points and paths of exit and entry of
  suspects and witnesses.
• Places where the victim/evidence may have been
  moved.

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Crime Scenes

• Evidence tends to deteriorate
• Investigators often refer to the golden hour
  the time when evidence is best recovered.
• Some jurisdictions are taking the crime lab to
  the crime scene

Photographs provided by OBS INC., Specialty
Vehicles
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Evidence Collection

• Proper protocols and techniques for collecting
  evidence are very specific and critical.
• Generally, first responders preserve scenes and
  trained specialist collect and analysis evidence

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Evidence CollectionChain of Custody

• Testimony/documentation detailing location
  condition of evidence from seizure to trial.
• Assures the court items entered into evidence are
  in same condition as when they were seized.
• Chain of custody procedures used to analyze
  evidence are more often challenged than the
  science behind the analysis.

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Forensic Science and Criminalistics

• Forensic comes from the Latin word "forensis,"
  meaning "of the forum," where the law courts of
  ancient Rome were held. Forensic science is the
  application of any type of science, biological,
  social, physical or mathematical to legal matters.

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Forensic Science and Criminalistics

• Forensic Science is the broader term, meaning the
  part of the science used to answer a legal
  question.
• Toxicology, ondontology, accounting, pathology,
  serology
• Criminalistics is a branch of Forensic Science
  dealing with the study of physical evidence
  related to a crime.

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Transfer Theory

• Edmund Locard, a French Scientist developed the
  theory that contact between individuals or
  objects results in a transfer of material between
  them.

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Trace Evidence

• Hair
• Fiber
• Glass
• Paint
• Dust
• Dirt
• Chemicals
• Firearms

• Fluids
• Blood
• Bite Marks
• Shoe Prints
• Tool Marks
• Wounds
• Documents
• Fingerprints

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The First Major Systems of Personal Identification

• Anthropometery
• exact measurements of an individuals body yields
  a characteristic formula for comparison.
• Dactlography
• Fingerprints

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Alphonse Bertillon and Anthropometery
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(No Transcript)
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A 1924 Act of Congress established the FBI
Identification Division
By 1946 they had 100 Million Fingerprint cards
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Henry Classification System
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Lifting Prints

• Plastic Found in a soft surface like wax, paint
  or putty.
• Visible Contact with a wet fluid like blood.
• Latent Meaning Hidden These prints are left
  by the oils secreted by our hands and are
  generally not visible.

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Dusting for Prints

• Powders have different
• properties, for instance
• color. Common colors are
• black, white, gray,
• aluminum, red, and gold.
• Color is selected to make
• the best contrast between
• the print and the surface.
• For instance , a white
• powder might works best
• on a dark surface.

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Automatic Fingerprint Identification System
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Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
System

• National fingerprint and criminal history system
  maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
  (FBI), Criminal Justice Information Services
  (CJIS) Division.

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AFIS

• Maintains the largest Biometric database in the
  world, containing the fingerprints and
  corresponding criminal history information for
  more than 47 million subjects.
• The fingerprints and corresponding criminal
  history information are submitted voluntarily by
  state, local, and federal law enforcement
  agencies.

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Fingerprint Advances

• The recovery of latent (hidden) fingerprints is
  not longer restricted to powder
• Superglue fuming
• Laser applications
• Unique powders

Technology has advanced to the point wherein some
jurisdictions use superglue fuming wands at the
crime scene
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Fuming

• There are several types of
• fuming, the most recent is
• super glue fuming.
• Super glue contains the
• chemical Cyanoacrylate.
• When heated this
• substance sticks to trace
• oils, hardens and when
• dry it is visible.

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Ballistics

• Class Characteristics are identified by lands.
• Individual Characteristics are identified by
  striations

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Firearms Identification
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National Integrated Ballistic Identification
System

• In 1993, prior to NIBINs, the FBI (DRUGFIRE)
• and ATF (BULLETPROOF/CEASEFIRE)
• established separate computerized ballistics
• imaging systems. NIBIN was established in 1997
• to unify these systems. There are currently over
• 220 crime labs participating.

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DNA Basics

• Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are
  we leave behind evidence we where there!
• Perhaps our fingerprints or,
• Our bodies are constantly shedding cells,
  releasing vapor containing cells and shedding
  hair we leave it everywhere

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DNA Basics(smaller and smaller)

• Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells.
• Most cells contain a center piece called a
  nucleus.
• The nuclei of our cells contain 23 pairs of
  chromosomes which are the biological instructions
  of who we are
• During conception our parents contribute one half
  of each pair.

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DNA Basics(smaller and smaller)

• Inside each chromosome there are as many as a
  hundred thousand pair of genes the fundamental
  building blocks of our hereditary traits.
• There are many variations for genes, but really
  two classifications.
• General those that identify us as humans
• Specific those that give us individual
  characteristics

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DNA Basics(smaller and smaller)

• Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  (DNA)
• DNA consists of a long string of four repeating
  nucleotides
• Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)

This long string of repeating nucleotides is
called a polymer
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DNA Basics(smaller and smaller)
Cells
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
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DNA Basics

• A complete DNA molecule has to polymer strands
  with four bases it is a tightly woven, double
  helix, with 3.3 billion pairs of nucleotides

Base Pairs
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DNA Basics

• Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small
  percentage is different from each other.
• The location where specific DNA information is
  located is called a locus.
• The information that is different between
  individuals is called Polymorphisms the part
  examined during forensic DNA analysis.

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DNA Databases

• Like fingerprint information, DNA information is
  converted to a numerical value for ease of
  search.
• Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is
  actually a combination of databases.
• 153 Laboratories in 49 states
• Actually includes three different type of
  databases
• Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing
  persons

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